Religious traditions of the Tatar people. Traditions and customs of the Tatars. Customs and traditions of the Tatar people in family life

Municipal educational institution

Vorobyovskaya secondary school

Topic: Traditional holidays and customs Tatar people

Murodova Malika.

With. Vorobyovo st. Dorozhnaya 1b

Head of the local history circle “Istok” Mukhomedyarova VZ.

With. Vorobyovo

Introduction...................................................................................

Chapter 1 Traditions and customs............................................... ....... 5

Chapter 2 Holidays of the Tatar people...................................................

2.1. Religious holidays...........................................

2.2. National holidays........................................................ .

Chapter 3 Family holidays................................................ ...

3.1. Wedding ceremony................................................... ........

3.2. Giving a name......................................................... …… ……….. 12-14

Chapter 4 Funeral rites................................................

Conclusion.................................................................................. 16

Bibliography..................................................................... 17

Introduction

Each nation has its own characteristics in material and spiritual culture. In many ways they are preserved. But along with these consequences of generality economic development and historical destinies, a number of common features were formed in different areas, including in the culture of my people, the Tatars. Modern humanity is represented by approximately three thousand peoples, and in our country there are more than a hundred of them. No matter how dear we are historical memory about our national roots, it is important to understand something else: we all live, and will live, together with people of different nationalities. This requires us to be especially sensitive and responsible in our relationships with people. In our work, we decided to talk about folk holidays and traditions. The history of the people is preserved not only in written sources, but is also reflected in folklore, holidays, customs and rituals. The traditional system of customs, rituals and holidays of the Tatars includes everyday norms of behavior and the design of the most significant moments of a person (marriage, birth). People live in our village different nationalities: Russians, Tatars, Lithuanians, Germans and Bashkirs. We are also Tatars by nationality and therefore it will be interesting for us to know and describe the customs and rituals of the Tatars.

Goal of the work: collect material about Tatar folk holidays.

Tasks:

1. Study materials from books about folk holidays and customs.

2.Supplement the material with survey data.

3.Collect photographic material from this direction, documentation.

Relevance of the topic:

Our village is multinational, there are 698 people in the village, including 273 Tatars. Many young people today do not know the history of their family, their people, they do not know traditions, customs and holidays. There are only 11 people in our class, 5 of them are Tatars, and so we decided to find out

talk about this in your work. In the future, when we become adults, we will proudly talk to our children about traditional holidays, because we learned this from our adult parents and grandmothers.

Work structure:

The work consists of an introduction, main part, conclusion, list of sources and appendix.

Research methodology:

IN During the study, material about the village population was studied and analyzed, and survey materials were used.

While doing our work, we met with people who live in our village and know about the traditions, customs, and holidays of the Tatars. Malika's mother Faina Muhometinovna, Elvira's mother Galia Galioskarovna and grandmother Sagira Kharisovna and residents of the village Nurlina Nagima Ataulovna and Shayakhmetov Kavy Shayakhmetovich shared their impressions with us.

Chapter 1 Traditions and customs.

Each nation has its own traditions and rituals. They are based on centuries-old experience, confirming the value of advice from people who have lived long life who have experienced a lot of what we young people have to experience.

When customs are strong, few people decide not to obey them. As a rule, we do not think about the nature of customs and obediently obey them, because that’s what our parents do, and they, in turn, have their parents. For example, the custom of matchmaking, when parents agree in advance about the future life of the young people. Of course, there was a time when parents made decisions for young people. They organized the matchmaking themselves, and the young people could see each other for the first time. Over time, this custom ceased to apply. Some traditions are preserved, others disappear, unable to stand the test of time. For a long time customs that are pleasant and useful to people are preserved.

The system of customs, rituals and holidays of the Tatars includes both religious and secular holidays. This includes Sabantuy, Uraza, Kurban - berem, the custom of matchmaking. On major holidays, it is customary to distribute money and food to the poor.

Chapter 2 Customs and traditions of the Tatar people.

2.1. Religious holidays

Every nation has its own folk holidays, many of these holidays originated in ancient times. Specifics holiday culture, the majority of the Tatars was that it included religious and secular holidays. Religious holidays are called by the Arabic word gaet. There are two of them, as in the entire Muslim world: Uraza Gaete - the Feast of Fasting and Kurban Gaete - the holiday of sacrifice. The form of religious holidays among Muslim Tatars is the same; it includes morning prayer gayet prayers, in which the entire male population, including boys, takes part. Then the men go to the mosque and

recite the tekbir formula for exalting Allah. Shayakhmetov K. Sh says: “Then you are supposed to go to the cemetery and pray near the graves of your loved ones. At this time, women prepare a festive treat. The table is usually set with everything that the owners can: pies, cooking, fruit, meat. This holiday usually lasts three days. On such days, Tatars visit the houses of their relatives and neighbors with congratulations. You should definitely visit your parents' house. If possible, you need to please with gifts and treats. On the days of Korban Gaete - the holiday of sacrifice, they try to treat as many people as possible, the tables remain set for 2-3 days in a row and everyone who enters the house, no matter who he is, has the right to treat himself as much as he pleases. Alcoholic drinks should not be consumed on such days, let alone treated to them.”1

2.2. National holidays

Previously, Tatar villages and cities were located along the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first Bayram - “spring celebration” for the Tatars is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “watch the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift.

All residents, from old people to children, came to the river bank to watch the ice drift. The youth walked dressed up, with accordion players. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. In the blue spring twilight these floating torches were visible far away, and songs followed them. U Siberian Tatars During the ice drift, they threw specially made dolls, coins, old clothes into the water, and even plunged into the still icy water: it was believed that the spring river carried away diseases...

Nowadays, the holiday of ice drift has lost its former popularity. But again it becomes ubiquitous and beloved spring holiday Tatar Sabantuy. It is difficult to talk about the time of this holiday, and even how

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1 The story of a resident of the village of Vorobyovo

it was celebrated by our ancient ancestors. It is closely related to lifestyle

people, their economic activity. Sabantuy had a strictly set time. Welcoming spring and rejoicing at the coming of the New Year, it was celebrated before the start of the most important work for the farmer - sowing spring crops. Hence its name - Saban tue - “wedding of the plow”, and possibly “wedding of spring crops”. The word "saban" means both. “Tui” is “wedding”, “celebration”. At the same time, he did not have not only an exact calendar date, but also a specific (established) day of the week. Everything depended on weather conditions, the intensity of snow melting and, consequently, on the degree of readiness of the soil for sowing spring crops. At the end of the holiday - the Maidan - horse racing is held, a running competition is held and the bravest, strong, dexterous wrestler of the year is identified - the batyr. “Previously, such a holiday was held in our village. This holiday was held not far from the village in a small forest, which is still called Sabantuy. Residents of nearby villages - Usmanki and Kyshtovka - also came to the holiday. All village residents were involved in the preparation of Sabantuy and as direct participants. They were both participants and organizers. Children were not left out either. Here they cooked fish soup and porridge and treated everyone who came here, free of charge. This porridge was called hag botkasy - “rook porridge”,” Nagima Ataulovna Nurlina tells us.1

To award the winners, gifts were provided by the village residents themselves; they were collected on the eve of the Maidan. Rashit Nurgalievich Gabdrakhmanov says: “My father told me about this. Usually older and older men, as well as young boys, gathered. When they were going to go to the Maidan, they took with them a small pole and a gift. The gifts were very different: items of women's handicraft, a piece of cloth... My father then carried a gramophone. It was the most valuable thing in our house. Select

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the gift was necessary, since otherwise the villagers could condemn him for greed. Everything that was brought was usually described, and they decided what gift to give for what. Sometimes the most valuable gift was considered to be a towel, which was received from young women (yash kilen) who got married after the previous Sabantuy. Each of them specially prepared a towel with ornaments for this holiday. Sometimes such a towel was equal to the cost of a sheep. Sometimes the donors stipulated my gift to the wrestler.”1

Traditional competitions on the Sabantui holiday are horse racing, running, jumping and national wrestling - koresh. At village races, riders could be boys 8-10 years old, as well as adult men. Those who came first and last celebrated: they tied a towel, and also tied the horses. Sabantuy is interesting because everyone at the festival is not only spectators, but also participants - they sing, dance, and show dexterity in games. And in the evening, games are held on the field with round dances, dancing, games of catch, and cart rides.

Chapter 3. Family customs and rituals

3.1. Wedding ceremony.

Its main feature was the strict implementation of a set of rituals. In the pre-wedding period, during matchmaking, the parties agreed on the quantity and quality of gifts (kalyn, kalyn mala) that the groom's side was supposed to give to the bride's side. This included clothes, shoes, hats for the bride, two feather beds - a large one - a carcass and a slightly smaller one - a yastyk. In addition, the groom's side had to pay the agreed amount of money - bash akcha, taorta, which was used to prepare the dowry, and also bring a certain amount of products - honey, butter, flour, tea, meat

for a wedding. During the negotiations, the Tatars discussed

1 Story by Gabdrakhmanov R. N.

obligations on the part of the groom, while the amount of the bride’s dowry was not specifically specified.

Upon reaching mutual agreement, the bride’s parents invited the matchmakers and the groom’s parents to a conspiracy - engagement - aklasha, ak biru, kilesha, kyzny suzga salu, etc. “If the parents agreed, then they exchanged gifts. This could be a shirt, robe, scarf, towel, tablecloth. On the bride's side, as a rule, they handed over a towel and tablecloth, and on the groom's side, the agreed amount of money. The ceremony, to which the bride's relatives were also invited, must be present at the wedding. Everything ended with a treat,” Elvira’s grandmother Ainulina Sagira Kharisovna tells us1.

The main wedding (tui, nikah tui) among the Muslim Tatars was held in the bride's house. The main ones among the guests were the groom's parents - top kodalar. They brought with them kalyn (sometimes it was brought on the eve of the wedding or a few days before it) and treats, the list of which was quite consistent. This is a pair of geese, two - four or more fluffy breads - kalach, kumach, a certain amount of yuach, katlama, zhaima - butter cakes, sweet pies and a special wedding delicacy - chakchak, bavyrsak. All this was put into a special chest - ash sandygy, kuchtanach sandygy and transported on a special cart - ash chanasy, ash arbasy.

Two or three ondaule couples came with them - special invitees. These are close relatives of the groom. They also brought treats with them. In addition, one or two pairs of guests traveled without refreshments. They were invited at their own discretion by the top kodar. That’s why they were called yarchen by those who joined, and the rope was called wings.

The bride's side should be represented by her relatives who helped in

bring a certain amount of products - honey, butter, flour, tea, meat for the wedding. Some of them brought treats with them - ash belyan

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kilu, others invited visiting matchmakers to their place for a treat (often overnight), looked after them, and served them.

The wedding began with religious rite marriages (nikah, kaben) according to the established Tatar ritual. “Nowadays such a ritual is also carried out, usually before the wedding. They invite the mullah, young people and relatives. Relatives bring gifts. These are dishes, a towel, a tablecloth, that is, something that is useful for young people in family life. They ask the young people about the consent of the young people to this marriage,” Murodov’s mother tells us.1 The mullah writes myahyar - the conditions for marriage - in the marriage registration book. Previously, this included kalyn, tartu, food or cost, etc., which were already transferred to the bride's side. A certain amount of money was especially fixed, which in the event of a divorce on the initiative of the husband, he had to pay his wife. “Previously, the newlyweds themselves were not present at the wedding; his father was responsible for the groom. Two witnesses were responsible for the bride, who were specially sent to find out about her consent (the bride was behind a curtain or the other half of the house). After listening to the affirmative answer of the witnesses, the mullah read out excerpts from the Koran dedicated to the wedding. After the nikah, the meal began. The wedding on the bride's side lasted two or three days: visiting matchmakers were invited to their place by her relatives. This was called tui kutaru, tui alu - “wedding support.”

After the guests had left, the bride's house began to prepare for the meeting of the groom: a special room was carefully prepared for the newlyweds, who were decorated with the most elegant things from the dowry. They stayed there for the first few days. In the morning, the newlyweds were sent to the bathhouse. From there the young husband returned wearing new clothes sewn by the bride. He, in turn, gave her a valuable gift - kyz kuenina salu.

The groom's first arrival was accompanied by the payment of a large amount

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ransoms: for the opportunity to move into the courtyard, enter the room of the young woman, who made the wedding bed, heated the bathhouse, and the village children who came to the house specifically for a gift. Therefore, the groom took with him a suitcase with gifts and treats.

On his first visit, the young man stayed there from two to four to six days, after which he was taken back. Subsequently, he came on Thursdays, in the evening, and left back in the morning. This period is kiyaulap yoru- the duration varied and depended on family circumstances.

Not only relatives, but also many fellow villagers gathered to meet the newlyweds. The parents were waiting at the porch of the newlyweds. The mother laid an inverted fur coat or pillow under her daughter-in-law’s feet, saying: “Tokle ayagyn belyan, kilen” ( good wishes young when meeting her at her husband’s house).

Entering the house, the young woman was hanging up a towel. We call this custom elep keru - “having hung, enter.” Then the young people were seated at the table. The girl had to eat a crust of bread, anointed with butter and honey, so that it would be soft like butter; sweet as honey, that is, easy-going, flexible. And be sure to drink a couple of cups of tea. The young woman’s hands were dipped in flour so that she would not experience poverty or lack.

All Tatars, including Siberian ones, had rituals oh kienderu -“house decoration”: they took down the curtains and wall fabric decorations hanging in the house and hung new ones from the bride’s dowry, as well as su yuly kursyat"showing the road along the water." She was led to a spring from which she was to fetch water. The young relatives participating in this were given gifts by the daughter-in-law.

When the young woman moved to the house of her husband’s parents, a “bride show” was arranged in the house of the husband’s parents - borkanchek achu etc., and his relatives. After leaving, the matchmakers were invited to a treat called kilen tokmachi, kilen salmasy(daughter-in-law's noodles), they collected elderly relatives and neighbors. The wedding procession ended with a feast held in both

home. At the bride's house they held kazan kaitar(return of the cauldron) with an invitation to the newlyweds, and the daughter-in-law’s parents were invited to the groom’s house. Only after these feasts could the parties visit each other freely and at their own discretion.

When holding wedding feasts, the tradition of dividing the participants by age is maintained. Wedding feast for older people - cartlap tue, olylar tue It is held both in the house of the bride and the groom. Such feasts are held without alcoholic drinks, with traditional dishes served. The newlyweds themselves actively participate in the wedding treat for the elderly in the bride's house - Nikah tui.

The wedding feast for middle-aged guests - tui - is the main thing. Most people are invited to it big number guests. Most often now this wedding is held in one place - in the house of the groom's parents, sometimes the bride. In cities, they usually set it up in a canteen, cafe, restaurant or special “celebration hall.”

3.2 . Dacha name.

It still exists everywhere careful attitude to the woman in labor.

It was believed that even a glance at the chimney of a house in which childbirth is taking place is godly - “turagan khatynnyn morzhasyn karasanda savaply.” On the same day, immediately after childbirth, or the next, a bathhouse is always heated, which is called babi munchasy - a bathhouse for a newborn.

They drown her for several days in a row. When the bathhouse becomes cool, the midwife helps the woman in labor wash herself and bathe the baby. In the first days after childbirth, a woman is visited by neighbors and relatives. They bring treats with them. Previously they thought that more women comes with a treat, the mother will be milky. Shayakhmetova Rauza told us how the first shirt was sewn: “They sewed the first shirt for a newborn

large stitches. So that there are no rough seams, from something old, because they thought that in this case the child would wear the clothes carefully, without wearing them out. This shirt was worn only in the first days, until the umbilical cord fell off. It was impossible to wear such a shirt for longer, then they said that the child would be whiny and would get sick often. Then they washed it, ironed it and saved it for the next child, so that the children would be friendly with each other.”1

Among the Muslim Tatars, the child was given a name a few days after birth. Now this ritual is carried out after the woman in labor is brought from the hospital. “Leaving a child without a name is considered dangerous, as he may get sick. When a child is given a name, a mullah, relatives, neighbors, elderly men, and women are invited. The baby is brought to the mullah on a pillow, and he, reading excerpts from the Koran, pronounces the name of the newborn several times. After this, they invite you to the table. Women always come with a gift for the newborn. When our children were born, we performed such a ritual. The first forty days of a newborn's life are especially dangerous. He should not be left alone, so as not to cause trouble. If you have to leave the child alone, put a knife or scissors under the pillow.

The child is protected from the evil eye, so they do not take it where many people do not show it. If you still have to carry it, then be sure to fasten a pin to your shirt,” Elvira’s mother Gallia Galioskarovna tells us.2

In addition, “preventive measures” were used: the shaky tree was hung on a rowan pole. A sprig of rowan or bird cherry was tied to a fluffy tree, sewn to a child’s hat, and they were credited with the property of protecting against the evil eye. For the same purpose, a cowrie shell and a bright button were sewn to the cap. The child was specially smeared with soot, and a bright thread was tied to his hand. If they believed that the child had been jinxed, then they resorted to performing various conspiracies. Many diseases, such as hernia and measles, were also treated with spells.

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1Story by Shayakhmetova R.

Every boy was circumcised. It was handled by professionals called baba, babacha. Now this can be done in the hospital, just the desire of the parents is enough.

Celebrations in honor of the newborn Baby Tue continue to be held - with the invitation of a large number of guests: relatives, acquaintances, work comrades. It is arranged for the firstborn or long-awaited child, be it a boy or a girl. The fun takes place in the same way as at any festive feast. There are no special ceremonies dedicated specifically to the child.

Chapter 4. Funeral and memorial rites.

They strive to carry out this ritual strictly according to tradition. Even in urban areas, Tatars adhere to traditional funeral rite. The funeral rite consists of rituals: washing, dressing the deceased, digging a grave, the funeral process, which are carried out under the guidance of knowledgeable people trained in this matter, who receive this knowledge from people of the older generation.

“The deceased is buried, if possible, on the day of death or the next day, washing him only before burial. Men wash men, women wash women. The deceased is dressed in kafenleu, which is usually prepared by elderly women. To sew tiles, women need 12 meters of fabric and men need 17 meters of white fabric. Moreover, they sew it strictly with their hands on the body of the deceased. If the deceased has been washed and dressed, then he must be buried on the same day. The deceased is carried out on a stretcher special for this occasion - lyakhet. The grave is dug with a liner, and the direction of the grave is from north to south. If the grave is dug before sunset, then the deceased must be

must be buried. Under no circumstances should a grave be left dug overnight. If the grave has been dug and the deceased was not buried before sunset, then the grave must be buried. The head of the deceased is placed on the north

part, and legs accordingly to the south, because there are holy places

Muslims - Mecca and Medina - the homeland of Muslims”1 Shayakhmetov Kavy Shayakhmetovich tells us.

Funeral services are held on the 3rd, 7th, 40th day and year. The wake is held as a dinner party, which begins with the reading of the Koran, the distribution of alms to those present - saadak, on the third day - ochese, on the seventh - zhides. They are held modestly, inviting mainly the elderly. If men are invited on the third day, then women are invited on the seventh. Definitely those who washed. For forty days - kyrygy still large quantity guests, even more for a year.

On funeral days, a ritual of sacrifice is performed.

Story by Shayakhmetov K. Sh

Conclusion

In the course of studying the material in this area, we have done some work. The work used survey data and studied the literature in this area. Some rituals have lost their significance: much has been lost and forgotten. Young girls marry men of a different nationality and now adhere to the customs accepted in their husband’s family. The Russification of the Tatar people is gradually occurring. Many traditions are not picked up by the younger generation. Holidays such as Sabantuy - in which not only Tatars are involved, but also people of other nationalities are celebrated even now, but less often. This holiday has not lost its meaning to this day. The rite of naming a newborn, funeral and memorial, are carried out in accordance with the traditions that existed before. Preserving traditions requires a lot of patience and skill. Over time, it may happen that they remain only in documents. It is very important. That we want to find out and talk about it.

Bibliography

1. Household book Administration of the Vorobyovsky village council of the Vengerovsky district of the Novosibirsk region

2. “Ethnography of the Tatar people.” Kazan. Magarif, 2004

3.Stories local residents And,

Everyone villagers And guests

happy holiday congratulated

chapter administration

Vengerovsky district

Velichko YU. P.

Presenters: P. N. Gabdrakhmanov and E. K. Gabdrakhmanova

Sabantuy is coming

Celebrate and rejoice!

Come to enjoy

This dashing daring!

To make the heart start beating

With new dashing strength.

Congratulations and performance by the folk choir of the Vengerovsky RDK “Siberian Apple Tree”

I was pleased with my performance a dancing group“Severyanka” and song and dance ensemble “Laysan”

This is what a holiday table looks like

Prayer

Meat dishes

Elderly people having lunch

Guardians of the customs and traditions of the Tatar people

Spouses Nurlina Kh.S.

Khasyanova Rafia

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"Fundamentals of Islamic Culture"

Traditions

Tatar people

Traditions of the Tatar people.

Why did I choose this research topic? I am Tatar by nationality.

Each nation has its own distinctive features - traditions. The traditions of each nation are certain customs, rituals, social habits and much more inherent to each nation. They came from the depths of our ancestors and were passed on from generation to generation. It is traditions that distinguish one nation from another! I am a Tatar, and I am not indifferent to the history and culture of my people. Therefore, I decided to study the customs, traditions and life of the Tatars using the example of my family. In his research work I will describe the wedding ceremony, naming (“isem kushu”), the holidays of Uraza Bayram, Sabantuy. I'll tell you about national costume and traditional Tatar dishes.

I'll start with birth, but not mine, but my family’s, since my parents got married. It is typical that the wedding (“nikah”) was held in the bride’s house. The wedding began with a religious ceremony, a mullah was invited, and he read a prayer. All close relatives of the older generation, both from the groom's and bride's sides, were present at the wedding. At the table, mom and dad were first offered to try a crust of bread, anointed with butter and honey, so that life would be soft and sweet, like honey.

After the feast, the groom's side gave gifts and paid the bride price. After the legal registration of the marriage, the “kilen tosheru” ritual was performed (letting the bride go). The groom's mother (my grandmother) laid a pillow in front of her daughter-in-law (my mother), and the young wife must stand on it and enter the house.

When I was born, according to tradition, a celebration was held. A naming ceremony (“isem kushu”) was carried out. It was carried out with the invitation of the mullah and honorary elders. I was presented to the mullah on a pillow and he, reading excerpts from the Koran, loudly pronounced my name several times. The naming ceremony ends with a meal.

Religious holidayscalled by the word gaet. Uraza gaete is a holiday of fasting, Kurban gaete is a holiday of sacrifice) And all folk, non-religious holidays are called Bayram in Tatar.

My great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers always kept the fast, now my grandparents keep the fast, my parents usually keep the fast for a week. Fasting is complete abstinence during daylight hours from eating, drinking, inhaling tobacco smoke, and drinking alcohol for one month. Fasting teaches kindness, sympathy, and understanding.

70 days after Uraza Gayeta, Kurban Gayeta is held. (sacrifices) or the ritual of gifting in front of deceased ancestors. A ram or a cow is sacrificed. Choose so that the legs and horns are not injured.

On these holidays, the whole family always gathers around the table, prepares treats, and invites guests.

And now I will tell you about the most fun and favorite Tatar holiday -

This is Sabantui. Literally, “Sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and thuy - holiday). Now Sabantuy is held in June, after the end of sowing. Sabantuy begins in the morning. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan, a large meadow. This is a very beautiful and good holiday. There is a great variety of entertainment on Sabantui. I visit this festival every year and can list some of the traditional competitions that are held there: 1. National wrestling Kuresh. The fight goes on certain rules: Opponents wrap wide belts around each other, the task is to hang the opponent in the air with your sash, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner of the kuresh - an absolute hero - receives a live ram as a reward and makes a lap of honor with it on his shoulders. True, lately the ram has often been replaced with some other valuable prize - a TV, refrigerator, washing machine, or even a car. 2. Horse racing. Interesting point: not only the winner is awarded, but also the one who came last. 3. Running with a spoon in your mouth. But the spoon is not empty, there is a raw egg, with whom you need to run first to the finish line. 4. Another competition in which my friends participated was “break the pot”: participants are blindfolded. They give you a long stick and tell you to break the pot with it.. 5. Climbing up a very high smooth pole, at the top of course, a prize awaits

All participants are awarded with memorable souvenirs, and the winners with prizes. The Sabantuy organization itself contains the principle: “Do not offend, do not insult, do not humiliate a single person. No one should leave with a heavy heart or resentment."

And at this holiday concerts are organized in which Tatar national and modern songs. They are performed by professional and amateur artists.

And what would a holiday be without food! There you can taste national dishes (bishbarmak, chak-chak, byalish) and many other delicious things.

Traditional Tatar costume in all its beauty, grandeur and femininity is a most valuable monument folk art. It reflects the art of cutting, various embroidery, jewelry and leather mosaics.
Like many peoples, the basis of the Tatar costume is a plain, spacious shirt of a tunic-like cut. Dresses were often made with a gathered hem and decorated with wide waves, frills or fringe. As a rule, shirts were not worn separately. Over the dress, it was necessary to wear swinging clothing in the form of camisoles, sewn from heavy silk or velvet fabrics and decorated with ribbon trim.
Due to removable decorations, the costume took on a festive and more noble look. A popular item was an elegant bib that covered the neckline of the dress. A decorative braid was sewn along the rounded side of the bib, on which coins and brooches were attached. The Tatar costume was given a rich look by the baldric, also decorated with various brooches and plaques.

It was common for the Tatars to wear shoes as footwear.ichig (chitek) . Galoshes were everyday shoes. Shoes were considered the go-to shoe. Women's shoes were patterned, often with heels. Shoes with a sharp, slightly raised toe were considered traditional. In winter they wore felt boots, short and high.

Among men's hats special place tookskullcap

The main headdress for women was Kalfak . Muslim women braided their hair in two braids that went down their backs. Bedspreads are more typical for older women. They were different in shape: triangular, square, towel-shaped. Outer headdresses were worn over the bedspreads, holding them firmly on the head. These were different headbands, scarves and hats.Among the Muslim clergy, the Tatars also woreturbans .

Tatar cuisine

The culinary traditions of the Tatars have evolved over many centuries. The composition of the products was primarily influenced natural conditions and last but not least – lifestyle. To this day, in Tatar cuisine there is a wide variety in the recipe for baking from unleavened, yeast, butter, sour, and sweet dough. Such Tatar dishes as kystyby (chebureks), belish, vak belish, echpochmak(kurnik), peremyach (belyashi), gubadia (pie), baursak, chak-chak extremely tasty and known not only to the Tatars. Chak-chak is the pride of Tatar national cuisine. It is served as a special treat at weddings and receptions.

Conclusion

In the course of researching and studying the traditions of the Tatar people, I learned a lot. I became more closely acquainted with the culture and customs of my people. I learned about various holidays and rituals. Participated in the regional fair “Our Origins” in the category “Costume. Style of Origins” and learned to cook traditional dishes. And all this thanks to my family, their stories, observance of traditions, desire to preserve and pass on precious experience and knowledge about Tatar culture from generation to generation.

Undoubtedly, our hypothesis was proven. Now, knowing the traditions and customs of my people, I look differently at the people living next to me, at people of other nationalities. I realized that every culture is unique and it is necessary to respect all the nationalities living next to us.

In the future, I would like to continue studying the multifaceted culture of my people, touching on other aspects of its existence.

A Tatar wedding is an important event for a future Muslim family. This is a unique celebration with the rich national rituals. Compliance with the Muslim traditions of the ancient people makes the Tatar wedding original and truly colorful..

Matchmaking: the beginning of preparations for the celebration

Parents on both sides find out family ties between young people up to the seventh generation. If there is no relationship between the bride and groom, the wedding is possible.

After this, the matchmaking process can be divided into three stages:

• bride's viewing,
• stories about the groom,
• negotiation.

On last stage All material issues are discussed, including the size and components of the dowry. Bride price, according to Tatar traditions, is paid in full on the wedding day or earlier.

An interesting fact is that the size of the bride's dowry is not discussed. If both parties agree, the bride donates a hand-embroidered towel or woven tablecloth, and the groom's relatives donate money. The matchmaking ends with a magnificent feast.

Wedding ceremony Nikah: wedding in Tatar style

Nikah is an official part of a Muslim wedding, one of the most beautiful ancient traditions. Tatar weddings take place 1-2 weeks after matchmaking, in the bride’s house or in a mosque. At the Nikah ceremony there are male witnesses, the groom's father or his close relative and a Muslim priest - a mullah.

A prerequisite for the religious ceremony is that the bride and groom must be Muslims. Nikah begins with the recitation of a prayer and lasts about an hour. By ancient tradition the bride must keep her face covered at all times, but nowadays this is practically not observed.

Young people can register their relationship at the registry office after Nikah.

Tui is a multi-day holiday among the Tatars

The celebration of a Tatar wedding does not take place in one day and can last several days, or even a week, in the houses of the bride and groom alternately.

There are several stages of celebration:

1. Feast at the house of the bride's parents.
2. Wife moving to her husband.
3. Partying at the groom's house.

Nowadays, Tatar wedding celebrations are increasingly being replaced by cafes and restaurants. And thanks to the Tatar wedding scenario, the holiday turns out to be especially cheerful and bright.

In the design of a banquet hall they can be used as standard decorative items - balls, ribbons, garlands, flower arrangements, as well as national attributes, for example, plates with Tatar symbols, embroidered tablecloths, objects with ornaments.

Traditional Tatar wedding dishes: an abundance of taste

No Muslim wedding is complete without a goose. Its removal is accompanied by the presentation of gifts and money. Only a man is trusted to butcher a goose.

In addition, at the beginning and at the end of the celebration, tea with sweets is served. As for alcohol, according to tradition, mash is allowed.

Another traditional Tatar delicacy at weddings is chak-chak. It is a sweet dish made from dough, it surprises with its ease of preparation and has a delicious taste. This sweet is traditionally prepared by the mother of the bride.

The wedding table contains an abundance of compotes, fruits, vegetables, soups and meat dishes.

Musical accompaniment and first dance

Choosing music for wedding celebration is based primarily on the tastes of young people. Compositions performed in Tatar and Russian are considered popular. Around midnight, the newlyweds perform their first wedding dance, usually in a traditional style.

Going to the bathhouse: the end of the wedding feast

The Tatar wedding feast ends in a bathhouse prepared in advance by the bride’s mother. While visiting the bathhouse, the newlyweds must try special pancakes, for the preparation of which the son-in-law must pay. This is a symbol of good luck in a newly-made family.

Meeting the bride at the groom's house: interesting traditions of the Tatar wedding

According to Tatar rules, the meeting of the bride is accompanied by a particularly warm and hospitable welcome. Special honor is given to the guest by placing pillows under her feet. Then the bride is treated to bread and honey in the name of good-hearted relations with her mother-in-law and the groom's sisters. And if the bride dips her hands in flour, prosperity and prosperity await the newly-made family.

Deserves special attention rite of home consecration bride Hanging up new towels and curtains, as well as laying out rugs, gives the bride the right to get comfortable in the new home, and the groom's relatives to look at the dowry.

The move ends with a magnificent feast.

Traditional wedding dresses: Tatar wedding dresses

The bride has special requirements for her wedding dress.- a symbol of modesty. Tatar long wedding dresses, optional white, should cover the entire body: arms, décolleté and neck. The bride's head must be covered. An alternative to a wedding dress can be trousers with a tunic.

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Presentation on the topic: Traditions and customs of the Tatar people

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Tatars (self-name - Tat. Tatars, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) are a Turkic people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East. The population in Russia is 5310.6 thousand people (2010 census) - 3.72% of the Russian population. They are the second largest people in the Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars, sometimes Polish-Lithuanian Tatars are also distinguished. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% according to the 2010 census). Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​and is divided into three dialects: Western (Mishar), Middle (Kazan-Tatar) and Eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Believing Tatars (with the exception of a small group of Kryashens who profess Orthodoxy) are Sunni Muslims.

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In the life and culture of any nation there are many phenomena that are complex in their historical origin and functions. One of the most striking and indicative phenomena of this kind is folk customs and traditions. In order to understand their origins, it is necessary, first of all, to study the history of the people, their culture, come into contact with their life and way of life, and try to understand their soul and character. Any customs and traditions basically reflect the life of a particular group of people, and they arise as a result of empirical and spiritual knowledge surrounding reality. In other words, customs and traditions are those valuable pearls in the ocean of people’s lives that they have collected over the centuries as a result of practical and spiritual comprehension of reality. Whatever tradition or custom we take, having examined its roots, we, as a rule, come to the conclusion that it is vitally justified and that behind the form, which sometimes seems pretentious and archaic to us, there is a living rational grain. The customs and traditions of any people are their “dowry” when joining the huge family of humanity living on planet Earth. National culture- this is the national memory of the people, what distinguishes a given people from others, protects a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection of times and generations, receive spiritual support and support in life.

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Each nation has its own traditions and customs, rooted in the distant past and now resurrected in the form national holidays. The Tatars have two words meaning holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaete - a holiday of fasting and Korban gaete - a holiday of sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays are called beyram in Tatar. What does “spring beauty”, “spring celebration” mean?

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Traditions and customs of the Tatar people The uniqueness of the historical past and modern situation of Tatarstan is reflected in the content of the holidays celebrated here. Tatarstan has a calendar of holidays born at different times and different traditions: December 31, January 1,2 New Year March 8 International Women's Day May 9 Victory Day June 12 Russian Sovereignty Day August 30 Sovereignty Day of the Republic of Tatarstan November 6 Constitution Day of the Republic of Tatarstan November 7 Great Anniversary October revolution Day of Harmony and Reconciliation in the Russian Federation December 12 Constitution Day of the Russian Federation February Maslenitsa, farewell to winter March Navruz, vernal equinox, celebration of the arrival of spring June Sabantuy

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Like many other peoples, the rituals and holidays of the Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the seasons were designated by a concept associated with a particular work: saban өste - spring, the beginning of spring; pechen өste - summer, haymaking time. Ethnographer R. G. Urazmanova, based on extensive ethnographic material, divides the rituals of the Tatars into two unequal groups: spring-summer and winter-autumn cycles.

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Autumn-winter cycle Unlike spring-summer, it does not have a clear division, since it is not tied to the folk calendar, or rather to agricultural life. R. G. Urazmanova highlights the following features of this season: Help. Assistance during particularly difficult work. This was especially noticeable when processing slaughtered geese - kaz өmәse, where people were invited, even if this was not necessary. Christmas time. Winter solstice period. Nardugan. It was found everywhere in the Volga region, among the Tatars it was common among the Kryashens and Mishars. Fortune telling was a special element of these holidays. 1st of January. New Year. This holiday occurred only sporadically. Maslenitsa. One of the most common holidays among the Kryashens.

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In Muslim society, marriage accompanied by the birth of children is a religious obligation, and celibacy is a regrettable condition. The Koran allows a believer to have four wives at the same time. In the sura of the Koran, which is called “Women,” it is said: “Marry those women who are pleasant to you - two, three, and four. And if you are afraid that you will not be fair, then on one...” Socio-economic needs occupy a central place in Sharia legal norms relating to marriage and family relations.

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The wife is obliged to: Live in her husband's house; Obey his orders, unless they are unreasonable; Don't show up without good reasons V public places; Without the permission of the husband, the wife has no right to acquire property or hire servants. It should be noted that a disobedient wife cannot claim to be maintained by her husband for the entire period until she submits to his will. If the wife fails to comply with these requirements, the husband may divorce her and refuse her maintenance. The husband has the right to deprive a disobedient wife of her freedom and, after admonitions, to subject her to light corporal punishment.

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The husband is obliged to: Support his adult wife in accordance with his and her condition, and if conditions are unequal - according to the average calculation. The husband supports his wife in a permanent marriage, after granting a divorce at the request of the husband, in the event of a divorce if the wife is pregnant. The husband's absence from home for a period of 6 months and refusal to support his wife for the same period are grounds for divorce. If a husband has more than one wife, then he is obliged to give each a separate sleeping quarters, which has its own separate exit to the courtyard, and, if possible, equally divide his property between them, treating them equally in other respects. If the husband refuses marital cohabitation, the wife can turn to the people's judge, who, however, acts on the spouses only with an admonition. The husband is obliged to allow his wife to visit her parents once a week, children from a previous marriage - to visit them quite often, and also allow her visit and receive her own relatives who are in degrees of kinship. The husband is not subject to penalties (neither civil nor criminal) for non-observance of marital fidelity, with the exception of the case of keeping a pagan concubine in the same house with his wife. This may be considered as an insult to the wife's religious feelings, constituting an act of "cruelty", in in a broad sense this word, which justifies the wife for her unwillingness to live with her husband and gives her the right to demand maintenance from him, despite his refusal to live with him. The husband must treat his wife well and treat her as customs require. The husband is obliged to buy his wife various clothes for summer and winter, to wear day and night, as well as all the necessary linen, blankets, pillows, carpets, etc.

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Folk holidays Spring is a time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectations. A good spring means a good harvest, and therefore a prosperous life. Boz karau As in the cultures and traditions of all peoples, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first “spring celebration” (beyram) is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “watch the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift. All the village residents came out to the river bank to watch the ice drift. Young people dressed up and played the accordion. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. Another tradition was when in early spring children went home to their villages to collect cereals, butter, and eggs. From the products they collected on the street, with the help of older cooks, the children cooked in big cauldron porridge and ate it. Kyzyl yomorka A little later, the day of collecting colored eggs arrived. Housewives painted eggs in the evening - most often in broth onion peel and buns and pretzels were baked in a decoction of birch leaves. In the morning, the children began to walk around the houses, bringing wood chips into the house and scattering them on the floor - so that “the yard would not be empty” and shouted such chants, for example, “Kyt-kytyk, kyt-kytyk, are grandparents at home?” Will they give me an egg? Let you have a lot of chickens, let the roosters trample them. If you don’t give me an egg, there’s a lake in front of your house, and you’ll drown there!”

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Sabantuy Perhaps the most widespread and popular holiday now, it includes folk festivities, various rituals and games. Literally, “Sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work in April, but now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after the end of sowing. Sabantuy begins in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, ribbons are woven into the horses' manes, and bells are hung from the arc. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow. There is a great variety of entertainment on Sabantui. The main thing is the national struggle - kuresh. To win it requires strength, cunning and dexterity. There are strict rules: opponents wrap each other with wide belts - sashes, the task is to hang the opponent on your belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner (batyr) receives a live ram as a reward (according to tradition, but now it is more often replaced with other valuable gifts). You can participate and demonstrate your strength, agility, and courage not only in Kuresh wrestling.

In the life and culture of any nation there are many phenomena that are complex in their historical origin and functions. One of the most striking and revealing phenomena of this kind is culture, folk customs and traditions.

Each nation has its own traditions and customs, rooted in the distant past and now resurrected in the form of national holidays. The Tatars have two words meaning holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaete - a holiday of fasting and Korban gaete - a holiday of sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays are called beyram in Tatar. What does “spring beauty”, “spring celebration” mean?

Tatar folk holidays delight people with a sense of gratitude and respect for nature, for the customs of their ancestors, for each other. Boz karau According to the old, old tradition, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first beyram - “spring celebration” for the Tatars is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “watch the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift. All residents, from old people to children, came to the river bank to watch the ice drift. The youth walked dressed up, with accordion players. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. In the blue spring twilight these floating torches were visible far away, and songs followed them.

Younger yau One day in early spring, the children went home to collect cereals, butter, and eggs. With their calls, they expressed good wishes to the owners and... demanded refreshments! From the collected products on the street or indoors, with the help of one or two elderly women, the children cooked porridge in a huge cauldron. Everyone brought a plate and spoon with them. And after such a feast, the children played and doused themselves with water. Kyzyl yomorka After some time, the day of collecting colored eggs arrived. Village residents were warned about such a day in advance and housewives painted eggs in the evening - most often in a decoction of onion skins. The eggs turned out to be multi-colored - from golden yellow to dark brown, and in a decoction of birch leaves - various shades Green colour. In addition, in each house they baked special dough balls - small buns, pretzels, and also bought candy.

Sabantuy This is a very beautiful, kind and wise holiday. It includes various rituals and games. Literally, “Sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work, in April, but now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after the end of sowing.

In the old days, they prepared for Sabantui for a long time and carefully - the girls weaved, sewed, embroidered national pattern scarves, towels, shirts; everyone wanted her creation to become a reward for the strongest horseman - the winner in national wrestling or horse racing. And young people went from house to house and collected gifts, sang songs, and joked. Gifts were tied to a long pole; sometimes horsemen tied the collected towels around themselves and did not remove them until the end of the ceremony. During the Sabantuy, a council of respected elders was elected - all power in the village passed to them, they appointed a jury to award the winners, and kept order during the competitions. Sabantuy begins in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, weave ribbons into the horses' manes, and hang bells from the bow. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow.

There is a great variety of entertainment on Sabantui. The main thing is, of course, the national Kuresh wrestling. Usually, two weeks before Sabantuy, the contenders for victory in this competition stopped going out to work in the fields and ate as much fresh eggs, butter, and honey as they wanted, and gained strength to defend the honor of their native village. Winning at Quresh requires a lot of strength, cunning and dexterity. The fight takes place according to strict rules: the opponents wrap wide belts around each other, the task is to hang the opponent in the air with your sash, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner of the kuresh - the absolute hero - receives a live ram as a reward and makes a victory lap with it on his shoulders.

You can demonstrate your strength, agility, and courage not only in Kuresh wrestling; there are many different traditional competitions at this festival. running with an egg in a spoon Fighting with bags of hay on top of a log Running with a yoke Squeezing a two-pound weight Running in sacks Horse racing. Climbing a very tall smooth pole

And what would a holiday be without food! Here and there you can taste shish kebab, pilaf, homemade noodles (lyakshya) and traditional Tatar treats: echpochmak, bishbarmak, chak-chak, balish, pyamyacha.

National clothing: Tatar costume The clothing of men and women consisted of trousers with a wide step and a shirt (for women it was complemented by an embroidered bib), on which a sleeveless camisole was worn. Outerwear was a Cossack coat, and in winter - a quilted beshmet or fur coat. The men's headdress is a skullcap, and on top of it is a hemispherical hat with fur or a felt hat; for women - an embroidered velvet cap (kalfak) and a scarf. Traditional shoes were leather ichigi with soft soles; outside the home they wore leather galoshes. Women's costumes were characterized by an abundance of metal decorations.

Tatar cuisine, like the cuisines of many other nations, has ancient origin, and, accordingly, their own characteristics. The development of the people, their historical and spiritual values, religion - all this is one unique culture, on the basis of which culinary traditions are formed. There is even a definition - if you have your own National cuisine, then it is a people, if not, it is just a part of some people. Mostly energy-rich meat is consumed: horse meat, lamb, and less often beef. The only meat that the Tatars, as Muslims, never consumed was cereals and pork. The basis of modern Tatar cooking is pork. fermented milk dishes, baked goods, soups and stews made with meat broth, especially with seasonings made from cereals and pasta. Dishes from fish, poultry, mushrooms and fruits do not occupy a leading position, although they are very popular. What can compare with soup-shukhpa, Kazan pilaf, chibriks, yuka, echpochmak and apricot sherbet! These and other dishes of original, tasty and healthy Tatar cuisine will decorate any table, both on weekdays and on holidays.

National heroes Once Ivan the Terrible, having heard about the fabulous beauty of Queen Syuyumbike, sent his matchmakers to Kazan. The proud beauty refused the Russian Tsar. Then the angry Ivan the Terrible came to the walls of the city with a huge army, besieged the city and said that if Syuyumbike did not agree to marry him, he would wipe Kazan off the face of the earth. To save the inhabitants of Kazan, Syuyumbike was forced to agree to marry on condition, but asked for an unusual wedding gift - the tallest tower that the Russian Tsar must build in Kazan in seven days. The queen's conditions were accepted and hasty construction began. On the first day they laid the first tier, on the second day - the second, on the third - the third. . By the end of the seventh day the tower was ready. And it began wedding feast. The guests feasted, and the Kazan people were sad. They understood that they would no longer see Syuyumbike, the good lady. During the feast, Syuyumbike climbed to the top tier of the tower to last time look at Kazan, But, looking at my hometown, I realized that I couldn’t leave it forever. She burst into tears and threw herself head down. So she died, not wanting to fall into the hands of the hated king. In memory of their glorious daughter, the Tatar people

In order to understand the origins of traditions and culture, one must first of all study the history of the people, come into contact with their life and way of life, try to understand their soul and character. Any customs and traditions, culture and folklore are those valuable pearls in the ocean of people’s lives that they collected in