The theme of the extra person in Russian literature. Essay on the topic: Chatsky is a strange man (based on the comedy by A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”)

In the first third of the 19th century, a type of superfluous person emerged in Russian literature. These heroes, among whom the most famous are Pechorin, Onegin, Oblomov, are not like most people of their time. Superfluous people, whose minds are inquisitive and deep, “suffer from the disease of the century”: the problems of the world around them, vices and “ulcers” are obvious to them. modern society. Unsatisfied with life, these heroes are most unhappy from the inability to fix anything. The uncertainty of the high ideals that torment them is caused not by knowledge of the ways of their implementation, but by the lack of specific goals and activities that could satisfy their high demands on themselves and on life - passivity and inactivity, the helplessness of existence.

Let’s compare Chatsky, the hero of Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” with the image of an extra person.

Seeing the vices Famusov society, rejecting his inert foundations, mercilessly denouncing the veneration of rank, the patronage reigning in official circles, the stupid imitation of French fashion, the lack of real education, Chatsky turns out to be an outcast among the counts Khryumin, Khlestov and Zagoretsky. He is considered “strange”, and in the end he is even recognized as crazy. So Griboyedov’s hero, like extra people, comes into conflict with the imperfect world around him. But if the latter only suffer and are inactive, then “they are embittered; thoughts” of Chatsky “one can hear a healthy urge to action...”. “He feels what he is dissatisfied with,” because his ideal of life is completely defined: “freedom from all the chains of slavery that bind society.” Chatsky’s active opposition to those “whose hostility to free life is irreconcilable” allows us to believe that he knows ways to change life in society. In addition, Griboyedov’s hero, having passed long haul quest, having traveled for three years, finds a goal in life - “to serve the cause”, “without demanding either places or promotion to rank”, “to focus the mind hungry for knowledge into science.” The hero’s desire is to benefit the fatherland, to serve for the benefit of society, which is what he strives for.

Thus, Chatsky is undoubtedly a representative of an advanced society, people who do not want to put up with relics, reactionary orders and are actively fighting against them. Superfluous people, unable to find a worthy occupation for themselves, to realize themselves, do not join either conservatives or revolutionary-minded circles, keeping in their souls disappointment in life and wasting unclaimed talents.

The problem of “superfluous” people in society is reflected in the works of many Russian writers. For example, in the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".

Alexander Chatsky is an image advanced person 10 - 20 years of the 19th century, which in its beliefs and views is close to the future Decembrists. In accordance with the moral principles of the Decembrists, a person must perceive the problems of society as his own, have an active civil position, which is noted in Chatsky’s behavior. He expresses his opinion on various issues, coming into conflict with many representatives of the Moscow nobility.

First of all, Chatsky himself is noticeably different from all the other heroes of the comedy. This educated person with an analytical mind; he is eloquent, gifted imaginative thinking, which elevates him above the inertia and ignorance of the Moscow nobility. Chatsky’s clash with Moscow society occurs on many issues: this is the attitude to serfdom, to public service, to domestic science and culture, to education, national traditions and language. For example, Chatsky says that “I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening.” This means that he will not please, flatter his superiors, or humiliate himself for the sake of his career. He would like to serve “the cause, not persons” and does not want to look for entertainment if he is busy with business.

Moscow nobles are irritated by those qualities of the protagonist’s personality that are precisely positive: his education and desire for knowledge, the ability to think independently and thirst for justice, the desire to serve the Fatherland, but with benefit for progress and with the goal of reforming the existing socio-political system. And the “Famus society” did not want to allow transformations, so people like Chatsky were considered dangerous, they were not wanted to be seen in high society, and they became “superfluous people.”

Chatsky is alone in the crowd of Famusov’s guests representing Moscow society, where “empty, slavish, blind imitation“to everything foreign and one hears “a mixture of languages: French with Nizhny Novgorod.” Chatsky is a patriot, he would like to be proud of his country and people, but in the morals of the nobles, in their way of life, the hero notes the degeneration of everything Russian, national.

Undoubtedly, patriotism is one of the most worthy qualities of a person, and Chatsky’s spiritual image deserves high praise. But there are some features that somewhat violate the integrity positive image. Perhaps, due to inexperience, youth and ardor, the hero does not understand that it is inappropriate to pronounce accusatory monologues at Famusov’s reception. Moreover, no one wants to listen to Chatsky’s opinion, no one cares about his experiences. It evokes negative emotions in others, since direct condemnation of the morals and beliefs of officials and landowners does not contribute to mutual understanding with them. The hero should have understood that Famusov and his guests are not a society where it is worth revealing your soul and sharing thoughts about modern reality. Sophia, like her father, easily classifies Chatsky as crazy, wanting to take revenge on him for ridiculing Molchalin. The hero is forced to leave the Famusovs' house, where his mind, his critical views on life were so unpleasant to those around him. He did not make friends or like-minded people here, but only experienced disappointment, felt insulted and was ready to flee from here in order to muffle his mental pain.

Was there such a place in Russia where Griboyedov’s hero could find “a corner for offended feelings”? Probably Chatsky should go to where they already existed secret societies future Decembrists, where they appreciated smart people, ready to use their knowledge and strength for urgent transformations in the Fatherland. In the understanding of the advanced nobles, the mind should be free, “free”, which means that freethinking for the Decembrists was not a dirty word or a definition of a vice, a dangerous illness, but vice versa. It is clear that Griboyedov’s courage was highly appreciated by his contemporaries with progressive beliefs, since his hero Chatsky was close in spirit to the future Decembrists. He aroused sympathy because he felt the need to fight inertia, ignorance, cruelty, injustice and other vices, and wanted to participate in reforms. When communicating with representatives of the Moscow nobility, he saw a misunderstanding, a hostile attitude towards himself, in addition, his situation was complicated by a tragedy in love and loneliness. Therefore, A.S. Griboyedov defined Chatsky’s condition as “woe from mind,” since the hero felt himself “superfluous” in the society of Moscow nobles.

Related information.

In the first third of the 19th century, the type of superfluous person took shape in Russian literature. These heroes, among whom the most famous are Pechorin, Onegin, Oblomov, are not like most people of their time. Superfluous people, whose minds are inquisitive and deep, “suffer from the disease of the century”: the problems of the surrounding world, the vices and “ulcers” of modern society are obvious to them. Unsatisfied with life, these heroes are most unhappy from the inability to fix anything. The uncertainty of the high ideals that torment them is caused not by knowledge of the ways of their implementation, but by the lack of specific goals and activities that could satisfy their high demands on themselves and on life - passivity and inactivity, the helplessness of existence.
Let’s compare Chatsky, the hero of Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” with the image of an extra person.
Seeing the vices of Famus society, rejecting its inert foundations, mercilessly denouncing the veneration of rank, the patronage reigning in official circles, the stupid imitation of French fashion, the lack of real education, Chatsky turns out to be an outcast among the counts Khryumin, Khlestov and Zagoretsky. He is considered “strange”, and in the end he is even recognized as crazy. So Griboyedov’s hero, like extra people, comes into conflict with the imperfect world around him. But if the latter only suffer and are inactive, then “in the embittered thought” of Chatsky “one can hear a healthy urge to action...”. “He feels what he is dissatisfied with,” because his ideal of life is completely defined: “freedom from all the chains of slavery that bind society.” Chatsky’s active opposition to those “whose hostility to free life is unrelenting” allows us to believe that he knows ways to change life in society. In addition, Griboyedov’s hero, having gone through a long path of quest, traveling for three years, finds a goal in life - “to serve the cause,” “without demanding either places or promotion to rank,” “to focus his mind, hungry for knowledge, on science.” The hero’s desire is to benefit the fatherland, to serve for the benefit of society, which is what he strives for.
Thus, Chatsky is undoubtedly a representative of an advanced society, people who do not want to put up with relics, reactionary orders and are actively fighting against them. Superfluous people, unable to find a worthy occupation for themselves, to realize themselves, do not join either conservatives or revolutionary-minded circles, keeping in their souls disappointment in life and wasting unclaimed talents.

The wonderful comedy “Woe from Wit” was written at the beginning of the 19th century by the great Russian writer Griboedov. In this work, Griboyedov touches on the most important problems of our time: political, social and everyday. But the main conflict of the comedy is relationships...

The comedy "Woe from Wit" gives big picture throughout Russian life of the 10-20s of the 19th century, reproduces the eternal struggle between old and new, which unfolded with great force at that time throughout Russia, and not just in Moscow, between two camps:...

Comedy A.S. Griboedov's "Woe from Wit" was created by the author over 8 years (1816-1824). This was a period when Russian literature developed rapidly and actively. In less than half a century, she went from classicism to sentimentalism, romanticism, realism....

In A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit” there is not a single pale, weak image. On the contrary, all the characters are sharply defined, each hero, even the most minor one, has his own unforgettable appearance. Famusov and Molchalin occupy one of the central characters among the characters...

In the first third of the 19th century, the type of superfluous person took shape in Russian literature. These heroes, among whom the most famous are Pechorin, Onegin, Oblomov, are not like most people of their time. Superfluous people, whose minds are inquisitive and deep, “suffer from the disease of the century”: the problems of the surrounding world, the vices and “ulcers” of modern society are obvious to them. Unsatisfied with life, these heroes are most unhappy from the inability to fix anything. The uncertainty of the high ideals that torment them is caused not by knowledge of the ways to realize them, but by the lack of specific goals and activities that could satisfy their high demands on themselves and on life - passivity and inactivity, the helplessness of existence.
Let’s compare Chatsky, the hero of Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” with the image of an extra person.
Seeing the vices of Famus society, rejecting its inert foundations, mercilessly denouncing the veneration of rank, the patronage reigning in official circles, the stupid imitation of French fashion, the lack of real education, Chatsky turns out to be an outcast among the counts Khryumin, Khlestov and Zagoretsky. He is considered “strange”, and in the end he is even recognized as crazy. So Griboyedov’s hero, like extra people, comes into conflict with the imperfect world around him. But if the latter only suffer and are inactive, then “in the embittered thought” of Chatsky “one can hear a healthy urge to action...”. “He feels what he is dissatisfied with,” because his ideal of life is completely defined: “freedom from all the chains of slavery that bind society.” Chatsky’s active opposition to those “whose hostility to free life is unrelenting” allows us to believe that he knows ways to change life in society. In addition, Griboyedov’s hero, having gone through a long path of quest, traveling for three years, finds a goal in life - “to serve the cause,” “without demanding either places or promotion to rank,” “to focus his mind, hungry for knowledge, on science.” The hero’s desire is to benefit the fatherland, to serve for the benefit of society, which is what he strives for.
Thus, Chatsky is undoubtedly a representative of an advanced society, people who do not want to put up with relics, reactionary orders and are actively fighting against them. Superfluous people, unable to find a worthy occupation for themselves, to realize themselves, do not join either conservatives or revolutionary-minded circles, keeping in their souls disappointment in life and wasting unclaimed talents.

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Alexander Chatsky is the main character of the comedy "Woe from Wit", written by famous writer A. Griboedov in poetic form. The author of this most interesting work already for many years in Russian literature is considered a harbinger of a new socio-psychological type, which is given the name “extra person”.

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Brief description of Chatsky

The character of Chatsky in comedy can be defined as follows:

in emotional diversity and at the same time simple portrait;
the positivity of the hero, who is a born maximalist;
in all his feelings and actions.

If he falls in love, then to such an extent that “the whole world seems like dust and vanity” to him, he is the owner of unbearable honesty and an extraordinary mind, constantly thirsting for additional knowledge. Thanks to his knowledge, he soberly sees the problems of politics, the disadvantaged state of Russian culture, pride and honor in people, but at the same time he is completely blind in matters of love. Chatsky - strong personality, a fighter by nature, and he is eager to fight with everyone at once, but often instead of victory he gets disappointment.

Young nobleman son of Famusov's deceased friend, returns to his beloved, Sophia Famusova, whom he has not seen for three long years; Chatsky had known her since childhood. When they grew up, they fell in love with each other, but the unpredictable Chatsky unexpectedly went abroad, from where he did not write a word the entire time. Sophia was offended at being abandoned, and when her lover arrived, she greeted him “coldly.” Chatsky himself says that “he wanted to travel around the whole world, but did not travel even a hundredth part of it,” while main reason his departure served military service, after which, according to his plan, he wanted to meet with Sophia.

His love for this girl is a sincere feeling. He wants to believe in reciprocity, so he cannot believe that she is in love with Molchalin. But he realizes that he is mistaken when he witnesses his explanation with Lisa. After this, Chatsky suffers and calls his love madness. In response to his words, Sophia says that she “reluctantly drove me crazy.” It was this statement that started development of gossip about the hero's madness, and also, according to many, a dangerous person in his beliefs.

Chatsky’s personal drama not only gives movement to the entire plot, but also complicates and deepens the drama of society, which is confirmed in the comedy by the increase in his sharp attacks against noble Moscow. And in such criticism of the views and morals of Famus society, it is clearly visible what Chatsky is speaking out against and what his views are.

In reality, the hero of the picture does not do anything for which he is declared crazy. He speaks his mind but the old world fights against his word using slander. And the problem is that in this struggle, Chatsky’s objectionable views are losing, because the old world turns out to be so strong that the hero sees no point in arguing and runs away from Famusov’s house to another city. But this flight cannot be perceived as a defeat, since irreconcilable opinions put the hero in a tragic situation.

Description of Chatsky

Chatsky is a straightforward, proud and noble man who boldly expresses his opinion. He does not want to live in the past and sees the truth of the future, does not accept the cruelty of the landowners, opposes serfdom, careerism, veneration of rank, ignorance and the wrong attitude of society towards slave morality and the ideals of the past century. Due to the fact that he is a fighter for justice and dreams of benefiting society, it is difficult for him to be in an immoral society, because among deceitful and vile people he cannot find a place for himself.

In his opinion, society remains exactly the same as it was three years ago. He proclaims respect and humanity for to the common man and service to the cause, and not to persons who are against freedom of thought and speech; promotes progressive ideas existing life and modernity, the flourishing of art and science, as well as respect for national culture.

Chatsky writes well, translates, seeks knowledge while traveling and serves in the Ministry. At the same time, he does not bow down to foreigners and boldly advocates domestic education.

His beliefs are revealed in disputes and monologues with representatives of Famus society. He confirms his opposition to serfdom in his memoirs about the theater “Carrying the Tore of Noble Scoundrels,” in which he emphasizes the exchange of faithful servants for greyhounds.

Contradictions in the character of the hero

when he comes to Sophia and begins a conversation with words in which he uses sarcasm and a caustic tone: “Has your uncle jumped off his life?”;
At the same time, he does not set out to prick his interlocutors and Sophia, so he asks her in surprise: “...Are my words all... tending towards harm?”

The image of Chatsky in the play is a hot-tempered and in some words tactless nobleman, for which his beloved reproaches him. And yet this harsh tone can be justified by sincere indignation at the existing immorality of the society in which he is forced to find himself. And it is a matter of his honor to fight him.

This behavior of the hero is due to the fact that all the issues that affect him do not resonate in the soul of this opposing person, because he is smart and able to analyze and predict a new future, without serfdom and arrogance. That is why he cannot cope with his own emotions and indignation. His mind is not in harmony with his heart, which means that he lavishes his eloquence even on those who are completely unprepared to perceive his beliefs and arguments.

The hero's unique worldview

Chatsky reveals in comedy the worldview of the author himself. He, like Griboedov, cannot understand and accept the slavish admiration of the Russian people for foreigners. The play ridicules several times the tradition according to which it is customary to hire teachers from abroad to raise children; the author emphasizes: “...they are trying to recruit teachers...in larger numbers...cheaper.”

Chatsky also has a special relationship with service. For Sophia's father, Chatsky's opponent, in this work Famusov’s attitude towards him is precisely defined in the following words: “does not serve... and in that... does not find any benefit.” Chatsky’s answer regarding such a statement also clearly reflects his position: “I would be glad to serve, but it’s sickening to be served.”

That is why he speaks with such anger about the habits of society, which outrages him, namely the contemptuous attitude towards disadvantaged people and the ability to curry favor in the eyes of influential people. If Maxim Petrovich, Uncle Famusov, for the pleasure of the Empress at her reception, deliberately sets a role model and tries to serve her, then for Chatsky he is nothing more than a buffoon, and he does not see in the circle conservative nobility those who could set a worthy example. In the eyes of the hero of the play, these aristocrats - opponents of free life, prone to idleness and extravagance, they are “passionate for rank,” and they do not care about justice.

The main character is also irritated by the desire of the nobles to cling to useful contacts everywhere. He believes that they attend balls precisely for this purpose, and does not agree with this, because, in his opinion, one should not mix business with fun, because everything should have its time and place.

In one of Chatsky’s monologues, the author emphasizes his dissatisfaction with the fact that as soon as a person appears in society who wants to devote himself to art or science, and not to the thirst for rank, everyone begins to fear him. He is sure that such people are feared, because they threaten the comfort and well-being of the nobles, because they introduce new ideas into the structure of an established society, and the aristocrats do not want to part with the old way of life. That is why gossip about his madness turns out to be very useful, because it allows you to disarm the enemy in views that are displeasing to the nobles.

Brief quotation description of Chatsky

All of Chatsky’s character traits and his manner of communication will never be accepted by society, which would like to live in peace and not change anything. But the main character cannot agree with this. He is smart enough to understand meanness, selfishness and ignorance aristocrats, and vehemently expresses his opinion, trying to open his eyes to the truth. However, the truth is not needed by the established principles of old Moscow life, which the hero of the play is unable to resist. Based on Chatsky’s inappropriate, but at the same time clever arguments, he is called crazy, which once again proves the cause of “woe from the mind.”

Let's give an example of some statements from the main character:

After listening to what Famusov said about Maxim Petrovich, Chatsky says: “He despises people... he should yawn at the ceiling...”;
He contemptuously brands last century: “Straight was the age of humility” and approves of young people who do not have a greedy desire to fit into the regiment of aristocrats and “clowns”;
Has a critical attitude towards the settlement of foreigners on the territory of Russia: “Shall we resurrect... from the foreign power of fashion? So that... the people... don’t consider us to be Germans...”

A. A. Chatsky inherently does a good deed, because with such statements he protects human rights and freedom of choice, for example, occupations: live in the countryside, travel, “focus your mind” on science or dedicate your life “ arts... high and beautiful."

The hero’s desire not to “serve”, but to “serve the cause, not individuals” is a hint of progressive behavior determined youth to change society in an educational and peaceful way.

In his statements he does not shy away from such folk words, like “just now”, “tea”, “more”; he uses sayings, proverbs and the following in his speech catchphrases: “total nonsense,” “not a hair of love,” and easily quotes the classics: “and the smoke of the Fatherland is... pleasant to us.” In addition, he confirms his intelligence and knowledge using foreign words, but only if they have no analogues in the Russian language.

He is lyrical in his stories about his love for Sophia, ironic, sometimes makes fun of Famusov, a little caustic, because he does not accept criticism, which, in his opinion, is criticism of the “last century.”

Chatsky is a difficult character. To put it in witty phrases, he hits it right in the eye and “scatters” the characteristics he has deduced like beads. Main character This complex comedy is sincere, and this is the most important thing, despite the fact that his emotions are considered unacceptable. But at the same time, they can be considered the hero’s inner wealth, because thanks to them, his real state can be determined.

The creation of the image of Chatsky is the author’s desire to show the Russian people the brewing split in the established noble environment. Role of this hero in the play is dramatic, because he is in the minority of those who are forced to retreat in this verbal struggle for justice and leave Moscow. But he does not abandon his views even in such a situation.

Griboyedov had no task to show the weakness of his hero, on the contrary, thanks to his image, he showed the absence of a strong society and the beginning of Chatsky’s time. And therefore, it is no coincidence that such heroes are considered “superfluous people” in literature. But the conflict has been identified, which means that the change from old to new is ultimately inevitable.

According to I. A. Goncharov, Chatsky’s role in this work is “passive” and at the same time he is both a “advanced warrior”, and a “skirmisher”, and a “victim”. “The hero is broken by the amount of old strength, but at the same time inflicts a mortal blow on it with the quality of fresh strength,” the writer said.

A. S. Pushkin, after reading the play, noted that the first sign of an intelligent person is that at first glance you need to know who you are dealing with and not throw pearls in front of the Repetilovs, but I. A. Goncharov, on the contrary, believed that Chatsky’s speech “seems with wit.”