Street sculptures and monuments. Sculpture "Spinners" Uryupinsk. Monument to a goat in Nizhny Novgorod

The three-dimensionality of sculpture is a very important quality. When examining it, the image can be perceived differently from different points of view. For example, the famous “Maenad” by Skopas, when the angle changes, seems to take on another pose of a frenzied Dionysian dance.

Relief is a three-dimensional image on a plane that forms the background. Depending on the height and depth of the image, reliefs are divided into bas-relief, high relief and.

Bas-relief is a low relief in which the image protrudes above the background plane by no more than half its volume. Bas-reliefs were often found in Ancient Egypt.

High relief is a high relief in which the image protrudes above the background plane by more than half of its volume. The high reliefs of the Parthenon, depicting the battle of the Titans and the battle with the Amazons, became widely known. High reliefs also decorate one of the seven wonders of the world - Pergamon.

Counter-relief is an in-depth relief. Most often it was used to make seals. One of the monuments to Anna Andreevna Akhmatova, installed in 2006 in St. Petersburg, was also made using the counter-relief technique.

Classification of sculpture by content and function

Monumental sculpture placed on streets and squares, in city gardens and. This includes monuments, monuments and monuments.

Easel sculpture is designed for small spaces and close distances. It includes such types of composition as head, bust, figure or group. For example, the world-famous bust of Queen Nefertiti can serve as a classic example of easel sculpture.

The sculpture of small forms is intended for the interior. As a rule, it comes with small figurines, as well as medals, gems and coins.

Sculpture is still one of the most popular types of fine art. Sculptural works adorn the squares and streets of large cities, gardening complexes and fountains, museum halls and ordinary residential interiors.

The formation of a generation's culture occurs when turning to artistic values ​​that are accumulated by society throughout its existence. When a person has knowledge of all types of art, he can understand and realize these values.

Classification of art forms

Types of art are historically established forms of creative activity that have the ability to realize life content. They differ in the methods of material embodiment. For example: – sounds, literature – words, in the visual arts – plastic and coloristic materials.

There is a certain classification of arts that divides it into three groups:
- spatial and plastic types: fine and decorative arts, photography and architecture;
- dynamic and temporary types: ;
- spatiotemporal types: choreography, theatrical art, cinematography.

This diversity of types is due to the fact that each individual art cannot provide a comprehensive artistic painting peace. And all art culture Overall it creates just such a picture.

Characteristics of the arts

Architecture is a type of art whose purpose is to create buildings necessary for human life. These buildings must meet the spiritual needs of man. Architecture can be combined with other forms of art: painting, sculpture, decorative species art. Architectural works are more expressive in nature than pictorial.

Fine art is creativity that reproduces perceived reality. The results of this type of art have an objective form that does not change in space and time.

Painting is on a plane, which, using various colors, applied to a certain surface, depicts the world in reality, transformed only creative imagination artist.

Sculpture - art in space, representing the world in plastic images. The main materials used in sculpture are wood, stone, bronze, plastic and concrete.

Decorative and applied art is a creative activity for creating household items that are designed to satisfy the artistic and aesthetic needs of a person. The material for creating an object of this art can be wood, metal, clay, stone and bone.

Literature is an art in which the carrier of imagery is the word. Literature specializes in historical phenomena. It's very lively art system, very sensitive to all changes in life.

Music is an art in which the means of embodiment artistic images serve musical sounds. The main elements and expressive means This art is: rhythm, tempo, dynamics, timbre, melody, polyphony and harmony. Music expresses emotional experience through sounds, which are based on the various intonations of human speech.

Choreography is the art of movement and poses of the human body, meaningful and organized in space and time. Dance has always been connected with the life and way of life of people, therefore each dance is characteristic of the character and spirit of the people in which it originated.

There are all sorts of decorations. The choice comes down to what part of the body needs to be decorated and how much money can be spent on it. But they have always been and remain in fashion gems and natural natural materials.

Neck jewelry, necklaces, collars, chains, pendants and pendants

There are several types of necklaces, with various stones, pearls, diamonds. Most collars are massive with different inserts. The chains are thin and thick. Pendants are ideal for chains. They come in different shapes and sizes, for example, they can be in the form of an ornament, a stone, a flower. Among the pendants or pendants, there is a direction on religious themes: crosses, icons, amulets, zodiac signs, letters.

Pendants can be watches that are hung on a long chain. Pendants can also be in the form of containers for essential oils and perfumes. Flash pendants are in fashion now; they are made in different shapes and look stylish. Medallions are also a type of pendant, similar to the principle of an opening book. They most often contain photographs or small memorabilia.

DecorateJewelry for hands and feet – bracelets, chains, rings

You can increasingly notice chains on the wrists and feet; they are usually small and with small pendants. Bracelets of all shapes and sizes look great on your hands. Rings worn on toes have become fashionable. Jewelry for fingers - rings, thin, thick, with stones and inserts. Rings can be personalized, woven, or made from a variety of materials and metals. It is believed that gold and silver should only be worn on a certain finger, but this is not always the case.

Hair ornaments

Hoops and hairpins are increasingly striking in their beauty and originality. Even an ordinary hoop can decorate your hairstyle. It's a matter of taste; each hairstyle will suit a certain shape and size of decoration.

Earrings

Earrings have always been considered a wonderful decoration. It is fashionable to pierce not one, but several holes for earrings. The shapes, lengths, materials for them are varied. Since ancient times, women have tried to stand out and decorate themselves. They chose bright materials or stones and wore massive jewelry. Now only the type of decoration has changed. They began to be matched to a special style or clothing and correspond to the status of their owner.

Jeju Island, where Love Park is located, is one of the South Korean islands of volcanic origin. In the center of it is the Hallasam volcano, its highest point rises 2000 m above sea level. A wonderful subtropical climate, luxurious nature with evergreen plants have created a “paradise” in South Korea.

As is known, South Korea a very closed country with ancient foundations and traditions. Thus, there is still a tradition that marriages take place only by the decision of the parents, who select the betrothed. Before the wedding, the bride and groom can only meet in the presence of their elders, so there can be no talk of sex life before the wedding.

To keep up with the times and educate newlyweds in the field intimate life, it was decided to create a Love Park on Jeju Island, and the island itself is now called nothing less than the “Land of Love”.

Erotic education

As planned by the creators of the love park, 140 sculptures of an erotic and frankly intimate nature were placed on the island. The layout of the park is such that within an hour you can walk around its entire territory and see all the sculptures that were conceived and executed by students of Khontik University. The erotic poses of sculptures and sculptural groups give reason to believe that the students have successfully mastered the Kama Sutra.

Only adults can visit the love park. It is believed that by viewing the sculptures, newlyweds can undergo an educational program in the area of ​​sexual life.

Sculptures

The exhibition is constantly updated and expanded, and the island itself is replenished with all sorts of shops and shops where you can buy souvenirs and frivolous toys that help diversify the sex life of partners. Anyone can watch a film about a person’s intimate life.

It is curious that despite the frivolity, the park sculptures have a very high artistic value. They are made not only naturalistic, but also very attractive. The compositions contain both dynamics and internal statics.

In 2013, the models were diluted with figures, so sculptures with elements and even notes of modernism appeared. For example, a composition of a man with a woman’s vagina instead of a head, as well as numerous phalluses in the form of peppers, scorpions, etc.

There are a number of museums on the island with constantly updated exhibitions. So, you can see exhibitions dedicated to sex, erotic games, erotic photography, etc.

Nature of the park

The park was laid out after the 1950 war, but figures and sculptures began to appear only in the 19th century. For the extraordinary nature of the island, a thousand exotic flowers, and the trees are entwined with flowering vines, where this beauty has not yet been transformed by man and has retained its pristine nature, Jeju Island, and with it the park, is taken under the protection of UNESCO.

Love Park was opened in 2004, and over the years it has been visited by millions of tourists from different countries peace.

Video on the topic

Sculpture, sculpture, plastic art (from Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut, carve) is a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional, three-dimensional form.
The sculpture can be made in any genre, the most common genres are figurative (portrait, historical, genre composition, nude, religious, mythological) and animalistic genre. The materials for making sculpture are varied: metal, stone, clay and baked clay (faience, porcelain, terracotta, majolica), plaster, wood, bone, etc. The methods for processing sculpture are also varied: casting, forging, chasing, carving, modeling, carving and etc.
There are two main types of plastic art: round sculpture (freely placed in space) and relief (three-dimensional images are located on a plane).

Round sculpture

Bypass is one of the most important conditions perception of round plasticity. The image of the sculpture is perceived differently from different viewing angles, and new impressions are born.
Round sculpture is divided into monumental, monumental-decorative, easel and small forms. Monumental and monumental-decorative sculpture are closely related to architecture.

Easel sculpture- a type of sculpture that has independent meaning, designed for perception at close range and not related to architecture and the subject environment. Typically, the size of an easel sculpture is close to life-size. Easel sculpture is characterized by psychologism and storytelling, and symbolic and metaphorical language is often used. It includes various types sculptural composition: head, bust, torso, figure, group. One of the most important genres of easel sculpture is the portrait, which provides a unique opportunity for perception - viewing the sculpture from different points of view, which provides enormous opportunities for the multifaceted characterization of the person being portrayed.

Easel sculpture includes:

	A bust, waist or shoulder-length depiction of a person in a round sculpture.
	Small sculptural works created for interior decoration. Small sculptures include genre figurines, tabletop portraits, and toys.
	A type of small sculpture - a desktop (cabinet) size statue much smaller than life-size, used for interior decoration.
	Statue- a free-standing three-dimensional image of a full-length human figure or an animal or a fantastic creature. Usually the statue is placed on a pedestal.
	A sculptural image of a human torso without head, arms and legs. The torso can be a fragment of an ancient sculpture or an independent sculptural composition.

Monumental sculpture- sculpture directly related to the architectural environment and characterized by its large size and significance of ideas. Located in an urban or natural environment, it organizes an architectural ensemble, organically integrates into the natural landscape, decorates squares and architectural complexes, creating spatial compositions that may include architectural structures.

Monumental sculpture includes:

	Memorial
	Monument- a monument of significant size in honor of a major historical event, outstanding public figure and so on.
	Monumental sculpture, designed for perception from long distances, is made of durable materials (granite, bronze, copper, steel) and is installed in large open spaces (on natural elevations, on artificially created embankments).
	Statue- a work of art created to immortalize people or historical events. Single- and multi-figure compositions, busts, equestrian monuments
	Stele- a vertically standing stone slab with an inscription, relief or pictorial image.
	Obelisk- a tetrahedral pillar tapering upward, topped with a point in the form of a pyramid.
	Rostral column- a free-standing column, the trunk of which is decorated with sculptural images of the bows of ships
	Triumphal Arch, triumphal gate, a triumphal column is a solemn structure in honor of military victories and other significant events.

There are many varieties of sculpture in form, purpose, and material.

The shape of the sculpture can be round or in relief.

Round the sculpture can be viewed from different sides, it is surrounded free space. Its main types are: bust, statue, sculptural group.

E. Falconet “Winter” (1771). Marble. Hermitage (St. Petersburg)

Relief

In relief, the figure(s) are partly immersed in a flat background and protrude from it.

High relief on the pediment of the Admiralty. Sculptor Ivan Ivanovich Terebenev
There are three types of relief:
bas-relief (the convex figure protrudes less than half);
high relief (the convex figure protrudes halfway);
counter-relief (the figure is not convex, but concave)

Bas-relief

Bas-relief is a common type of decoration architectural structures and decorative items of all times, known since the Paleolithic era: the first bas-reliefs are rock paintings. Bas-reliefs are also often placed on the pedestals of monuments, on steles, memorial plaques, coins, and medals.

Sculptor S.E. Cherepanov. Memorial plaque on the house in which the science fiction writer G. Altov (Altshuller) lived the last years of his life from 1990 to 1998. Established October 15, 2003 Petrozavodsk

High relief

High relief is a type of sculptural relief when the image protrudes above the background plane by more than half the volume of the depicted parts. A common type of decoration of architectural structures; allows you to display multi-figure scenes and landscapes.

Counter-relief

Counter-relief is an in-depth relief resulting from a mechanical impression of a regular relief in soft material(clay, wax) or when removing a plaster mold from a relief. Could be used as a seal to produce a raised impression.

Ancient Egyptian counter-relief

Types of sculpture according to purpose

Monumental sculpture

Monumental sculpture is associated with architecture. These are monuments that are created to perpetuate memory famous people or significant events. The monumental sculpture is distinguished by its large size and ideological content. Monumental art received its name from the Latin monumentum, from moneo - I remind you), it should always be sublime and even majestic. Works of monumental art must be created in harmony with the architecture and landscape.

Henry Moore. Sculpture in the harbor of Riesbach (Zurich-Seefeld)
Special meaning monumental art acquires during periods of global socio-political transformations, during times of social upsurge, intellectual and cultural flourishing, when creativity is called upon to express the most relevant ideas.

Sculptor I. Kozlovsky, architect P. Butenko “The Squad of Alexander Nevsky” (1993). Pskov
The monument is a very significant monument in size. There are whole memorial complexes– territories with monumental architectural structures located on it: mausoleums, pantheons, sculptural groups, obelisks of glory and monuments dedicated to outstanding events from the history of the country and the people inhabiting it.
The Khatyn memorial complex is a village in Belarus, destroyed on March 22, 1943 by a punitive detachment as revenge for the murder of several German soldiers. 149 residents of Khatyn were burned alive or shot. In 1969, a memorial complex was opened on the site where the village was located.

Of the adult residents of the village, only the 56-year-old village blacksmith Joseph Iosifovich Kaminsky (1887-1973) survived. Burnt and wounded, he regained consciousness only late at night, when the punitive detachments left the village. Among the corpses of fellow villagers, he found his son Adam. The boy was fatally wounded in the stomach and received severe burns. He died in his father's arms. Joseph Kaminsky and his son Adam served as the prototypes for the famous monument in the memorial complex.

S. Selikhanov. Main monument in Khatyn
No less famous are the memorial complexes Brest Fortress (Brest), Mamayev Kurgan (Volgograd), Victory Park (Moscow), etc.

Monumental and decorative sculpture

It includes all types of decoration of architectural structures and complexes (Atlantes, caryatids, friezes, pediment, fountain, garden sculpture, etc.).

Atlanta

Atlas is a sculpture of a man supporting the ceilings of a building, balcony, cornice, etc. The name of this architectural element goes back to Ancient Greece: Atlas or Atlas in ancient greek mythology was called the mighty titan holding the vault of heaven on his shoulders. Atlas is a symbol of endurance and patience.

Atlanta (Hermitage)

Caryatids

A caryatid is a statue of a dressed woman that replaces a column or pilaster in a building. These figures were used in the architecture of Ancient Greece.

Caryatids. Athens, Greece)

Caryatids as a pilaster

Frieze

Frieze (French frise) is a decorative composition in the form of a horizontal stripe or ribbon framing part of an architectural structure.

Sculptural frieze on one of the Empire-era churches near Moscow

Gable

Pediment (French fronton, from Latin frons, frontis - forehead, front part of the wall) is the completion (usually triangular) of the facade of a building, limited by two roof slopes on the sides and a cornice at the base.

Pediment of the Greek National Assembly building in Athens

Fountains (usually hydraulic structures that perform a decorative function) are often decorated with sculptures.

Fountain "Samson" in Peterhof
The Manneken Pis is one of Brussels' most famous landmarks. This is a miniature bronze fountain statue in the form of a naked boy peeing in a pool.

Sculptor – Jerome Duquesnoy (1619)
This statue has been stolen several times and also dressed up in costumes.

"Manneken Pis" in the form of the American Air Force

Garden sculpture

Landscape sculpture is intended for decorating gardens and parks. It can be decorative, propaganda, educational or memorial in nature.

Sculpture "Cupid and Psyche". Workshop of Lorenzo Bernini, 17th century. Summer Garden (St. Petersburg)

There are also short-lived types of sculptures: ice, made of sand, more durable ones made of clay, wood, as well as modeling, carving, artistic casting, forging, chasing, etc.

The desire for beauty, expressed in art, is perhaps the only thing that distinguishes a person from an animal. Since ancient times, man has tried to create something beautiful, drawing out his caves in between hunting and survival. With the development of humanity, art also developed, which took on more and more new forms. One of the main types of fine art is sculpture. What is sculpture and what types of it exist? This article will tell you about it.

The main object of the sculpture is a person, although it can also depict animals or some other objects. Depending on what material is used, the appropriate processing methods are selected. This can be modeling, forging, chasing or casting.

Before considering any concept, it should be given specific definition. What is sculpture and what are its characteristics? The difficulty is that it is not so easy to answer this question unambiguously. However, we will try to figure it out.

Definition: “What is sculpture?” Variety of options

Any concept or phenomenon is interpreted differently. The reason for this is that each art critic looks at the problem from his own angle. Therefore, everyone develops their own meaning of the concept of “sculpture”. What sculpture is can be learned from various explanatory dictionaries.

According to Efremova’s explanatory dictionary, sculpture is the art of creating three-dimensional (relief) images using sculpting, cutting or casting.

IN explanatory dictionary Ushakov can be found following definition: “Sculpture is the art of making three-dimensional or convex images - statues, bas-reliefs, etc.”

However, it should be noted that all sources agree that sculpture is a special type of fine art. And there is certainly no doubt about this.

Sculpture. What is sculpture?

The term itself comes from Latin word“sculptura”, which literally translates as “sculpting” or “carving”. By the way, the term “sculpting” is very often used as a synonym for the word “sculpture”.

A talented young artist described it very well: “this is an area of ​​feelings associated with form.” The basis of any sculpture should be the form, ancient language which is accessible and understandable to anyone.

History of sculpture

The roots of this type of art go back to ancient times, in the Paleolithic era, and it was then that its first works appeared. Sculptures in the form of images of women or various animals, found at the site of numerous Paleolithic sites in Western Europe- a clear confirmation of this. During the Neolithic era, the variety of sculptural monuments expanded even more.

Of course, this type of art was most developed in the era of Ancient Greece. It is sculpture that becomes one of the main forms of expression of ancient Greek philosophy, which was based on the human personality - harmoniously developed both spiritually and physically. A countless number of statues of gods, mythical heroes and warriors were made by masters Ancient Hellas, for whom sculpture turned out to be their life’s work. What is sculpture in the understanding of the ancient Greek master? This is, first of all, flexibility, plasticity and organic form, based on the most precise anatomical details. Among such great masters are Phidias, Myron, Lysippos, Praxiteles and others.

Sculpture received a new round of development in the 15th-16th centuries, during the Renaissance, which was based on ancient traditions. Italy became the center of Renaissance sculpture; among the great sculptors of that time were Michelangelo, Donatello, Verrocchio and other creators.

Soviet ideologists also paid great attention to sculpture. It became an effective tool for promoting the ideas of Soviet socialism. The main feature of Soviet sculpture can be considered its monumentality. Majestic steles, massive monuments and thousands of monuments to communist leaders were left to us by Soviet sculpture.

IN modern sculpture It is not the image (object) that comes to the fore, but the choice of color, texture and material. It is color that becomes almost the main tool artistic expression in modern sculpture.

Main types of sculptures

The main types of sculpture include:

• round sculpture (actually, statues and busts);
• relief sculpture (bas-reliefs and high reliefs);
• easel sculpture;

Some specific types of this art are also highlighted: miniature ice, park and others. By genre, sculpture can be portrait, everyday, historical, or symbolic.

Sculpture making process

Making sculptures is not an easy task, requiring certain skills and painstaking work. As soon as the sculptor has an idea for a work, he begins its implementation by making a scaled-down model. Only when the model is completely ready can we move on to the sculpture itself.

To sculpt a statue you need a foundation and a steel frame. The artist then begins to cover this frame with clay until he receives a sculpture that is close to his design. appearance. At the same time, he uses special tools for sculpting - stacks, as well as his own hands. It is important to ensure that the material is constantly moistened when sculpting so that it does not begin to crack.

When the sculpting is complete, the sculptor makes an exact cast of his creation from a material that is stronger than clay. After this, based on the cast, the sculpture can be made from any other material - stone, steel or bronze. It is worth noting that not a single great work of sculpture is complete without preliminary sculpting and making a cast. Although in the history of sculpture there were masters who worked directly with the source material. One of these was the great creator Michelangelo.

Sculpture as a decoration for parks

One of the types of sculpture is park sculpture, the traditions of which have a long history. It's hard to imagine beautiful park or a city garden without sculptural decorations. The tradition of decorating gardens with sculptures was established by the ancient Greeks. It’s hard to imagine the gardens Ancient Rome without sculptures of gods or courageous warriors.

In the 17th century, Venice became the center for the production of sculptures for parks and gardens. Notable people from Austria, Poland and Russia bought sculptures in whole batches for their personal parks. At that time, park sculpture became an important element in the decoration of St. Petersburg, which was under active construction. The most outstanding Venetian master can be called Pietro Baratta, whose creations can still be seen in Summer Garden Petersburg or in the Tsarskoe Selo nature reserve.

The so-called topiary sculpture is becoming especially popular in modern parks - this is the creation of real masterpieces from living plants - trees or bushes.

The world's most famous sculptures

Famous sculptures of the world have gained popularity due to their features. We present to your attention the five most famous sculptures in the world.

1. The most famous of the ancient sculptures is the statue of the goddess Aphrodite, also known as the Venus de Milo. The cult marble statue was made in the second century BC and has survived to this day. Today this two-meter sculpture can be seen in a special gallery of the Louvre.

2. The tallest sculpture is the statue of Buddha Vairocana in China (Henan Province). The total height of the monument is 158 meters; work on its construction was completed in 2002. The sculpture is made of cast copper, and total cost this project amounted to about 55 million dollars.

3. The most mysterious sculpture is the Moai sculpture on Easter Island. Scientists suggest that the statues are the work of ancient Polynesian craftsmen and vaguely date them to the first millennium AD.

4. The most patriotic sculpture is worldwide famous statue Freedom is a unique symbol of the American people. It is also the second tallest on the planet.

5. The most golden sculpture is the Buddha statue located in Thailand, in the Wat Traimit temple. The three-meter sculpture is unique in that it is made entirely of solid gold.

As happens in any other art, volumetric artistic images carry signs of exclusivity. The sculpture can be copied, but one cannot expect a complete match with the original. Exact copies are possible only when using the casting method, when the alloy is poured into the same mold.

What is sculpture from an artist's point of view? First of all, this is an opportunity to express yourself, to embody your vision of a particular image in an image. Existing types of sculpture allow you to fully reflect any subject; it all depends on the skill of the sculptor. At the same time, it is of no small importance right choice material. Often in the practice of creating sculptural images, the discrepancy between the intended creation and the quality of the raw materials becomes obvious. Clay is replaced with marble or vice versa, hard stone gives way to a clay mass, followed by firing of the finished product.

The sculptor chooses the material especially carefully when making miniatures.

David and Galatea

And finally, what is sculpture in the understanding ordinary people who are drawn to art and eager to get acquainted with its deep content? Of course, these are masterpieces of world significance - marble sculpture David, sculpted by Michelangelo Buonarroti, or Galatea of ​​Pygmalion, who idolized the creation of his hands. He fell in love with a beautiful statue the way a man can love a woman. Isn't this what true art is?

There are many answers to the question of what sculpture is, but the most correct one lies on the surface - sculptural image must reflect reality. Surrealism is also not alien to this type of art, but its specificity does not allow the idea to be fully realized; the viewer has to speculate.

Nefertiti statue

Sculpture as a form of fine art has ancient roots. At one time, images dating back to the 14th century BC were found. Artistic merits statues did not always correspond to classical canons, but the very fact that in ancient times there were masters who sculpted three-dimensional images speaks volumes.

The types and genres of sculpture could already be quite diverse. Available materials from ancient times are clay, marble and sandstone. Thanks to the variety of materials available, sculpture as a form of fine art has existed for more than fifteen centuries. More than one generation of masters has changed, and today artistic sculptures remind us of the past.

Types of images

Let's look at the main types of sculpture. The list includes the following types:

-Round, or volumetric,- the most common type. Viewed from all sides, all-round access is required. There is no background in the plane. The category of circular sculpture includes statues, figurines and busts. A special position is occupied by wooden sculpture, which is often genuine. An example is the Perm art

- The sculpture is monumental. It differs primarily in size. It can reach several tens of meters in height. For example, the American statue installed in the Hudson Strait (height - forty-six meters), the Argentine statue of Christ in Rio de Janeiro (38 meters), the “Motherland” in Volgograd (85 meters), the “Motherland” monument in Kyiv ( sixty two meters). In most cases, such statues are worn heroic character. Smaller statues have a different purpose, most often decorative.

Sculptures on pedestals are monuments dedicated to great people or events.

- Tondo- a round sculpture in the form of a bas-relief. Michelangelo Buonarroti worked in this manner. Two of his most famous works- "Madonna Doni" and "Tondo Tadei". Raphael also used this technique - he created “Madonna Alba” and “Madonna in an Armchair”.

- Effigy- sculptural tombstone. It was used at the burials of noble nobles. Most often, the image repeated the appearance of the deceased. Effigy was also used for the symbolic execution of a convicted criminal if he managed to escape. In this case, his sculptural image was executed.

Popular types

- Snow sculptures. The most common is a snowman or snow woman. There are examples of the construction of giant snowmen. So, in 1992, a woman 37 meters high was sculpted in the USA, which was included in the Guinness Book of Records. Every year, in different parts of the world, competitions are held for the best snowman and sculptural groups made of snow and ice.

-Small plastic- sculptures no more than 15 centimeters high. Includes a whole range thematic areas: Chukchi carved bone, Bogorodsk carving, tin miniature, glyptic miniature images of animals. The most labor-intensive method is artistic products in the glyptic manner. Bone carving is also prized. The material for this craft is walrus tusk - quite plastic, easy to polish. Basically, small-form sculptures are intended for interior decoration and represent decorative and applied arts.

Rare species

- Netsuke- miniature sculptures, highly artistic art of bone carving, national Japanese craft. The material used is the fangs of sea animals or Ivory(that is, the tusks of ordinary land elephants). The subjects of miniatures in the netsuke style can be very diverse. These are all kinds of figures on biblical themes, figurines of gods, animals and fish. The art of Japanese bone carving is famous all over the world. Antique netsuke, which are more than a hundred years old, are highly valued. Such products are considered rarities and are quite expensive. Master carvers of the old school are leaving for another world, and the art of netsuke is gradually degenerating. Schools that teach bone carving techniques are not able to pass on all the subtleties of the craft to the new generation.

-Medal art- sculptural images on a plane, which are made according to the principle of bas-relief. In some cases, when the image should be more convex, as in the manufacture of orders, the properties of high relief are used.

- Mascaron- a grotesque sculpture of an animal's head or human face. Often used to illustrate mythical subjects, it personifies evil and danger. Many sculptures made in the mascaron style are used to decorate temples, large sacred buildings or grandiose architectural structures.

Easel sculpture

Involves perception at close range. The conditional connection with inner world person, while a narrative plot is visible, as well as an absolute lack of relationship with the subject environment, and especially with interior specifics.

Not all types of sculpture are listed, but we tried to present to the reader the main directions of this truly amazing creativity.

Integrity of creation

The expressiveness of sculpture depends on how the main plans, volumes, light planes and rhythmic relationships are built. There are quite a lot of construction criteria, and the final result is achieved precisely by observing them. Sculpture is a science with many unknowns, but the main condition for success is the integrity of the silhouette and clear contours Images. At the same time, the master must introduce more and more new elements of artistry in the process of his creativity. This is the only way to achieve high results.

Sculpture technologies involve enormous physical labor; they are also associated with many technical processes: chasing, forging, casting, welding, carving, and all kinds of perforations. It is not possible for one sculptor to make a product from start to finish, so assistant craftsmen are involved in the work, who cut the stone, form the castings and mint the initial phases of the image.

Strong connection of times

At all times there have been talented masters of their craft. Some sculptors sculpted from whole piece marble, others preferred a more pliable material, but in both cases, unique masterpieces emerged from under the chisel.

Historical and quite identical, they are united by a thematic commonality - the desire of the masters to depict the reality in which they live and create. The materials used can also help bring eras closer together.

The history and types of sculpture are closely intertwined. Thus, in ancient times there were directions of volumetric sculpture that still exist today. Thus, the fine arts of past centuries are organically connected with cultural values modernity. Almost all European types of sculpture dominated cultural formations thanks to masters who lived in the fifteenth - nineteenth centuries, among whom were Auguste Rodin, Giovanni Bernini, Betto Bardi Donatello, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Michelangelo Buonarotti, Fedot Shubin. The unsurpassed talent of these masters allowed them to collect a significant number of masterpieces of sculptural art in museums around the world.

Modernity

The twentieth century also gave humanity a galaxy of talented craftsmen art sculpture such as Vera Mukhina, Sergei Konenkov, Aristide Maillol, Henry Moore, Emile Antoine Bourdelle. These geniuses of their craft have a lot of memorial ensembles, group and individual sculptures, park complexes in outdoors. All types of sculpture oriented to installation in in public places, had to be maintained in a certain ideological style, and the authors coped with this task perfectly.

How to guess the type of sculpture