List of indigenous peoples of the Urals. Ancient cities of the Urals

Lyubov Fedyakova

Summary of GCD on local history with children of the preparatory group

"Peoples of the Middle Urals"

(teacher L.I. Fedyakova, kindergarten No. 329, Yekaterinburg).

Target: To develop in children an interest in their native land as a part of Russia: in the people different nationalities living in their native land.

Tasks: 1. Introduce children to peoples Sverdlovsk region.

2. Develop children’s ideas about the features ( appearance, national costumes, traditional activities) and cultural traditions representatives of different nationalities native land, Middle Urals.

3. Cultivate respectful, friendly feelings towards people of other nationalities.

Progress of the lesson:

What do we call Motherland?

The land where you and I live!

Children, name your homeland? (children's answers).

Name the region in which we live. (Middle Urals).

Tell me, what is the name of our region? (Sverdlovskaya).

Look at the map of the Sverdlovsk region, it is rich in coniferous and deciduous forests, wild animals. We found out and marked it on the map Beautiful places and sights of our region. And today we will talk about the peoples of the Sverdlovsk region.

Look at each other, are we all the same? (No.) That's right, because among us there are Udmurts, Maris, Tatars, and Russians.

How are we different from each other? (eye color, hair, skin).

Each nation also speaks its own language.

What language do Russians speak? (in Russian).

And the Tatars? (in Tatar). Yaroslav R. please say a few words in Tatar.

What language do the Udmurts speak? (in Udmur). Listen to a poem in the Udmur language, Angelina will tell it. IN.

The peoples of our region know two languages: their national and Russian, since they live in big country– Russia, and the Russian language is the state language.

To get to know the peoples of the Sverdlovsk region better, we will now watch the presentation.

1 slide. Russians.

Consider the Russian national costume. Tell us what kind of clothes Russian people wore.

Which National holidays celebrated? (Epiphany, Maslenitsa, Easter, etc.)

2 slide. Tatars.

Children than Tatar costume different from Russian?

Who knows Tatar national holidays?

Most famous Tatar holiday– this is Sabantuy. Celebration of the completion of spring field work. The main, most beloved and most popular type of competition on Sabantui remains sash wrestling. They also conduct horse racing, sack fighting, tug of war, sticks, climbing on high poles with a prize hanging on top, etc.

At the same time, competitions of singers and dancers are held.

3 slide. Bashkirs.

Look how unusual the Bashkir national costume is? What is it decorated with?

Bashkirs are known as wonderful farmers, excellent livestock breeders and skilled beekeepers.

Bashkir national holidays:

Kargatuy is a crow festival, held in March, dedicated to the spring awakening of nature. On this day, porridge was cooked in milk in large cauldrons. While the porridge was cooking, girls and young women decorated the trees with colorful ribbons, rings, and bracelets. There were rugs spread under the trees, and bright woven tablecloths in the center of them. Festive treats were laid out on them.

Jiyin – summer holiday. Sports competitions were organized.

3 slide.Mari- this is very ancient people, they have been known since the 6th century. The traditional occupations of the Mari are agriculture, animal husbandry, beekeeping, and hunting.

The national Mari costume is decorated with embroidery. Pay attention to the headdress, how it differs from other national costumes.

The Mari have maintained a reverent attitude towards nature. The forest is sacred to them. There is a belief that the forest is ruled by the goddess, or mistress, of the forest. Therefore, during any forestry work, it is customary to leave a piece of pancake or flatbread on a stump as a gift to the mistress of the forest.

4 slide. Udmurts. Traditional occupation The Udmurts are farming and livestock raising.

Now look at how beautiful the Udmur national costume is. Why did you like him?

Udmurian folk holidays: Gyryny Poton - the holiday of the first furrow. On the day of the holiday, horse racing was held. It was believed that whoever is the winner will finish the spring plowing earlier. The girls gave towels to the winner of the equestrian competition, and ribbons were woven into the mane of his horse.

Goron Bydton – completion of spring work.

On Udmur holidays the most common musical instrument there were harps.

5 slide. Chuvash.

Do you like the Chuvash national costume? Tell us how the Chuvash dress.

In ancient times, the Chuvash were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Domestic animals were highly valued on the farm. It was customary for the Chuvash to swear by them. During such an oath, a hand was extended over the animals. They believed that if the oath was false, the animal would get sick and die.

Chuvash folk holidays:

Akatui is a holiday of sowing. Adults and children competed in running and organized horse races.

Chukleme – completion of harvesting work.

6 slide. Mordva.

Now look how beautiful the Mordovian national costume is. Mandatory attribute of Mordovian women's suit– a beautiful belt – pulai. Let's say it all together - pulai.

The Mordovians were mainly fishermen, plowmen, livestock breeders and hunters. All Mordovian holidays are associated with their economic activities.

Slide 7 Khanty and Mansi.

In the Far North live brave, hardworking people - Khanty and Mansi. Let's look at their clothes. Khanty clothes are very warm. Why do you think?

That's right, because it's very cold in the north! Clothes are made from reindeer skins, because, first of all, they must be warm and comfortable. The Khanty and Mansi are dressed in fur pants and a fur shirt with a hood, called a kukhlyanka. Let's all repeat this new word for you together.

Look, national clothes are decorated with fur and embroidery. Patterns representing fish, deer and birds were often embroidered on clothing.

8 slide. All nationalities in our region live in peace and harmony; we have no national hostility. All nations respect each other.

Game "Travel on the map of the Sverdlovsk region." Guys, now we will go on a trip around our region and paste small pictures of peoples in the places where they live.

Every nation, when creating a national costume, sought to make it beautiful, because in the old days such clothes were worn only on holidays.

Andrei D.’s grandmother came to visit us - she is Mari. Look, guys, what a beautiful festive outfit she’s wearing! national costume. Do you like it? Grandmother will tell us about the children's Mari games that she played when she was little.

Children, together with their grandmother, play Mari folk game"Pire den pacha-vlak" - "The Wolf and the Lambs." Rule of the game:

They choose a wolf, a sheep, and the rest - lambs. A sheep and lambs are walking along the path, and a wolf meets them. The sheep asks:

Mom tyshte yshtet (What are you doing, wolf)

Tendam vuchem (Waiting for you) - the wolf answers.

Does Molan take memnam into account? (And why)

Pacha-vlakym kochkash. (To eat your lambs.)

After these words, the wolf catches the lambs. The lambs should stand behind their mother, holding hands. They play until the wolf catches all the lambs.

Lesson summary:

What peoples live in the Sverdlovsk region? (Children's answers)

Our country, guys, is strong in its unity and friendship. different nations. Even in our group there are Tatars, Russians, Chuvashs, Maris, and we all live in harmony, we never quarrel!

Publications on the topic:

There has long been a popular saying: “The Urals are the supporting region of the state.” What is “Ural”? Let's take a look at Wikipedia: “The Urals is a geographical region.

Abstract of GCD on local history for the preparatory group

National Unity Day is celebrated in Russia on November 4. For the Southern Urals with its multinational way of life, this holiday is especially important, because in the territory Chelyabinsk region There are about 40 peoples living there.

National Unity Day is celebrated in Russia on November 4. For the Southern Urals, with its multinational way of life, this holiday is especially important, because about 40 peoples live in the Chelyabinsk region.

Although the largest ethnic group in the Chelyabinsk region are Russians, these people are not indigenous: the first Russian settlements arose in the Southern Urals only in late XVI I century in the Techa River basin.

From the point of view of ethnography, Russian South Urals are divided into three groups: descendants of the Orenburg Cossacks, Russian mining workers (mainly workers) and simple peasants, - Associate Professor of the Faculty of History and Philology of ChelSU, Ph.D., told Gubernia historical sciences Andrey Rybalko. - The Tatars are also a non-indigenous people, consisting of several ethnographic groups. The Southern Urals are inhabited mainly by Volga Ural Tatars. They, like the Russians, came to the territory of the Southern Urals during the development of lands in the 17th century.

But the Bashkirs are an indigenous people, like the Kazakhs. In the Chelyabinsk region there are several districts where the Bashkir population predominates: Argayashky, Kunashaksky, Kaslinsky, Kizilsky. The Kazakhs appeared earlier than the Russians in the steppe regions of the Southern Urals. There they are present in almost all settlements, but there are villages in the Kizil and Nagaybak regions where they make up the majority.

The top ten peoples predominant in the Southern Urals include Ukrainians - descendants of Ukrainian settlers late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, as well as Germans, Belarusians, Armenians - they are dispersed throughout the territory. There are quite a lot of representatives of the Mordovians. In the Uysky district there is a Mordovian village of Gusary, there is also a Cossack Mordovian locality- Kulevchi in the Varna district, there are many of them in the Troitsky, Chesme and Verkhneuralsky districts.

The top ten largest ethnic groups are closed by the Nagaibaks - this people live compactly only in the Chelyabinsk region. This is mainly the Nagaibaksky district - Ferchampenoise, Paris, part in the Chebarkulsky district, as well as in Uysky: Varlamovo, Popovo, Lyagushino, Bolotovo, Krasnokamenskoye. They speak a language that, from a linguistic point of view, is considered Tatar, although they themselves prefer to call it Nagaybak. By religion, the Nagaibaks are Orthodox, and before the revolution they were part of the Orenburg Cossack army,” said Associate Professor, Candidate of Historical Sciences Andrei Rybalko.

Every nation is unique, people remember and honor their national customs and traditions.

Daria Nesterova

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This lesson was developed within the framework of the “Educational and Methodological Complex” for the discipline “ Art culture Ural”, for students of specialty 072601 Decorative and applied arts and folk crafts (by type) - wood carving and painting. Enlarged group 070000 Culture and art. The discipline “Artistic Culture of the Urals” belongs to the variable part of the BOP cycles.

Lesson topic No. 1.3.:“Peoples inhabiting the Urals” - 2 hours (1 study pair).

Lesson objectives:

• Contribute to consolidation of students’ knowledge in the field folk traditions artistic and material culture peoples inhabiting the Urals (Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Mari, Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Ukrainians, etc.).
• To familiarize students with the features of traditional costume, housing, and rituals of various peoples of the Ural region.
• Contribute to the formation of aesthetic consciousness of students (the concept of national traditions, artistic value of objects folk art; syncretism in folk art).
• To promote students’ interest in their future specialty, in the ancient roots of folk and decorative arts; love for the native land.

Lesson Plan

Control questions:

1. Which peoples inhabiting the Urals are indigenous, and which ones moved to the Urals from other places?
2. What do they call “Ostyaks” and “Voguls” nowadays?
3. Which peoples' music was dominated by wind instruments, which by plucked instruments, and which by strings?
4. Which peoples had permanent dwellings, and which had portable ones (temporary, for nomadic conditions)?
5. What do all the peoples inhabiting the Urals have in common?

Practical task:

Exercise:

1. Using the appliqué method, create a Bashkir striped ornament using the above elements (ram horns, heart, rhombus, wave, fence).
2. Make the elements of the ornament using the technique of cutting out colored paper, contrasting with the background of the ornament.
3. The size of the base for the applique is a sheet of A8 paper (15x20 cm).

• The above elements of the ornament are all mirror symmetrical.
• When cutting each of them you need to fold colored paper double (A), quadruple (B) or accordion (C).

As a result of mastering the academic discipline, the student should be able to:

• Recognize the studied objects and phenomena of the artistic culture of the Urals and correlate them with a certain era, style, direction;
• Establish stylistic and plot connections in works of folk and academic art of the Ural region;
• Use various sources of information about world artistic culture, incl. artistic culture of the Urals;
• Carry out training creative tasks(reports, messages);
• Use acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities And Everyday life for: choosing your paths cultural development; organizing personal and collective leisure; expressing one's own judgment about the works of classics and

contemporary art

• Ural;
• independent artistic creativity.
• As a result of mastering the academic discipline, the student should know: The main types and genres of folk and academic art presented in the Urals; The main monuments of artistic culture of the Urals; Peculiarities

figurative language

various types
art presented in the Urals.
At the end of this course, an in-class test is carried out. The form of the in-class test is: independent work with sources of information, development of a creative essay on a chosen topic.

1. List of topics to be tested (classroom test)
2. in the discipline: Artistic culture of the Urals”
3. For the study group_________ The Urals are the border of Europe and Asia.
4. Ural crafts (including artistic ones). Primitive culture The Urals are the border of Europe and Asia.
5. Culture of the peoples inhabiting the Urals (Khanty, Mansi, Udmurts, Komi, Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Ukrainians, etc.).
6. Development of the Urals by Ermak.
7. Wooden architecture The Urals are the border of Europe and Asia.
8. My small homeland(Aramil, Sysert, Yekaterinburg, etc.).
9. Artistic crafts of the Urals.
10. Architecture of the mining Urals.
11. Verkhoturye is the spiritual center of the Urals.
12. Literary heritage Urals (writers, poets).
13. Artists and sculptors of the Urals.

Sample outline for an essay on the above topics.

1. Introduction (goals, objectives, introduction).
2. Main part.
   1. History of the phenomenon (object, person).
   2. Artistic and cultural signs of a phenomenon (object, person).
   3. Interesting Facts.
   4. Dictionary on the topic.
   5. Personal attitude towards a phenomenon (object, person).
3. Conclusion (formation of conclusions).

Literature for the course “Artistic culture of the Urals”.

1. Murzina I.Ya. Artistic culture of the Urals.
2. Ekaterinburg. Teacher's House Publishing House. 1999 + CD “Artistic culture of the Urals. Murzina I.Ya.”
3. Borodulin V.A. Ural folk painting.
4. Sverdlovsk Middle Ural book publishing house. 1982
5. Voroshilin S.I. Temples of Yekaterinburg.
6. Ekaterinburg. 1995.
7. Zakharov S. It was recently... Notes of an old Sverdlovsk resident. Sverdlovsk Middle Ural book publishing house. 1985
8. Ivanova V.V. and others. Faces and secrets of the “foggy land”.
9. Chronicle of the city of Sysert. Ekaterinburg. 2006. Kopylova V.I. Sverdlovsk Museum of History and Local Lore. Ekaterinburg. Middle Ural book publishing house. 1992 Koretskaya T.L. The past should not be forgotten.
10. Chelyabinsk. Publishing house ChSPI “Fakel”. 1994
11. Korepanov N.S. Essays on the history of Yekaterinburg 1781–1831. Ekaterinburg. “Basco Publishing House”. 2004
12. Kruglyashova V.P. Traditions and legends of the Urals:

Folklore stories

. Sverdlovsk

The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened before, but there are no finds associated with more early period, scientists do not yet have at their disposal. The oldest Paleolithic site primitive man was discovered in the area of ​​Lake Karabalykty, near the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district, Republic of Bashkortostan.

Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, famous researchers of the Urals, claim that the Proto-Urals were ordinary Neanderthals. It has been established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a whole skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, whose life span coincided with the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of the Urals during the settlement of this territory.

Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger awaited them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals every now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and caring for each other helped primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, and gathering are the main ways to obtain food.

A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the surviving cave drawings, including a unique monument - the Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) River in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan.

Inside, the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches 500 m in length. The corridors lead to a mountain lake.

It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created using ocher, have been preserved. Figures of mammoths, horses and rhinoceroses are depicted here. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity.

Mari (Cheremis)

The Mari (Mari) or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. How did the ethnic community develop by the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD? The neighboring tribes of the Udmurts and Mordovians played a major role in the ethnogenesis of this people. After the defeat of Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars, the Mari began to move to the northeast, pushing the Udmurts to the upper reaches of the Vyatka River.

They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan under the name "Oremiscan". The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then this word was considered offensive and was removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world.

Udmurts

The formation of the ancient Udmurts happened as a result of the mixing of Finno-Perm and Ugric peoples in the 9th century AD. The ancestors of the Udmurts were formed in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama rivers. They left two large groups: the southern (they lived on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Kama River and the tributaries of the Vyatka - Vale and Kilmezi) and the northern (they appeared as a result of resettlement to the Vyatka, Cheptsa and Upper Kama region after the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century). The main city of the Udmurts was, apparently, Idnakar - a fortified craft, trade and administrative center.

The ancestors of the northern Udmurts were representatives of the Chepetsk culture of the 9th-15th centuries, and the southern Udmurts were representatives of the Chumoitlin and Kochergin cultures. According to historians, to XVI century the number of Udmurts did not exceed 3.5-4 thousand people.

Nagaibaki

There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaibaks are representatives ethnographic group baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. This is indigenous small people RF. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region.

Tatars

The Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. Significant migrations of Volga Tatars to the Urals were observed in the 18th century.

The Agafurovs were in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars

Culture of the peoples of the Urals

The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals ceded to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian.

The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures.

It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination folk craftsmen. The products of craftsmen made from Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia.

The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. Wooden roofs traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “skates” or “hens”. Among the Komi, it is customary to place wooden figures of birds on separate poles near the house. There is such a thing as “Perm animal style”. What are ancient figurines worth? mythical creatures, cast in bronze, found during excavations.

Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and Jewelry. This direction has gained credibility in the European market.

A strong tradition is the desire to have your own family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere their elders, so the main members of families are grandparents. Descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.

Mansi are the people who make up indigenous people These are Finno-Ugric people, they are direct descendants of the Hungarians (belong to the Ugric group: Hungarians, Mansi, Khanty).

Initially, the Mansi people lived in the Urals and its western slopes, but the Komi and Russians forced them out into the Trans-Urals in the 11th-14th centuries. The earliest contacts with Russians, primarily with Novgorodians, date back to the 11th century. With the annexation of Siberia to To the Russian state at the end of the 16th century, Russian colonization intensified, and already at the end of the 17th century the number of Russians exceeded the number of the indigenous population. The Mansi were gradually forced out to the north and east, partially assimilated, and in the 18th century they were formally converted to Christianity. The ethnic formation of the Mansi was influenced by various peoples. IN scientific literature the Mansi people unite with the Khanty people common name Ob Ugrians.

In the Sverdlovsk region, Mansi live in forest settlements - yurts, in which there are from one to 8 families. The most famous of them: Yurta Anyamova (Treskolye village), Yurta Bakhtiyarova, Yurta Pakina (village of Poma), Yurta Samindalova (village of Suevatpaul), Yurta Kurikova, etc. The rest of the Ivdel Mansi live dispersed in the villages of Vizhay (now burned down), Burmantovo, Khorpiya , on the territory of the city of Ivdel, as well as in the village of Umsha (see photo).

Mansi dwelling, Treskolye village

Preparation of birch bark

Nyankur - oven for baking bread

Labaz, or Sumyakh for storing food

Sumyakh of the Pakin family, Poma River. From the archive of the research expedition "Mansi - Forest People" of the travel company "Team of Adventurers"

This film was shot based on materials from the expedition "Mansi - Forest People" of the Adventure Seekers Team (Ekaterinburg). Authors - Vladislav Petrov and Alexey Slepukhin with great love talk about the difficult life of Mansi in the ever-changing modern world.

There is no consensus among scientists about the exact time of formation of the Mansi people in the Urals. It is believed that the Mansi and their related Khanty arose from the merger of the ancient Ugric people and indigenous Ural tribes about three thousand years ago. Ugrians inhabiting the south Western Siberia and the north of Kazakhstan, due to climate change on earth, were forced to migrate north and further to the northwest, to the area of ​​​​modern Hungary, Kuban, and the Black Sea region. Over several millennia, tribes of Ugric herders came to the Urals and mixed with the indigenous tribes of hunters and fishermen.

The ancient people were divided into two groups, the so-called phratries. One was made up of the Ugric newcomers "Mos phratry", the other - the Ural aborigines "Por phratry". According to a custom that has survived to this day, marriages should be concluded between people from different phratries. There was a constant mixing of people to prevent the extinction of the nation. Each phratry was personified by its own idol-beast. Por's ancestor was a bear, and Mos was the Kaltash woman, manifesting herself in the form of a goose, butterfly, and hare. We have received information about the veneration of ancestral animals and the prohibition of hunting them. Judging by archaeological finds, which will be discussed below, the Mansi people actively participated in hostilities along with neighboring peoples, they knew tactics. They also distinguished the classes of princes (voevoda), heroes, and warriors. All this is reflected in folklore. Each phratry has had its own central place of worship for a long time, one of which is the sanctuary on the Lyapin River. People from many Pauls along Sosva, Lyapin, and Ob gathered there.

One of the most ancient sanctuaries that has survived to this day is the Written Stone on Vishera. It functioned for a long time- 5-6 thousand years in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Middle Ages. On almost vertical cliffs, hunters painted images of spirits and gods with ocher. Nearby, on numerous natural “shelves,” offerings were placed: silver plates, copper plaques, flint tools. Archaeologists suggest that part of the ancient map of the Urals is encrypted in the drawings. By the way, scientists suggest that many names of rivers and mountains (for example, Vishera, Lozva) are pre-Mansi, that is, they have much more ancient roots than is commonly believed.

In the Chanwen (Vogul) cave, located near the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva in Perm region, traces of the presence of Voguls were discovered. According to local historians, the cave was a temple (pagan sanctuary) of the Mansi, where ritual ceremonies were held. In the cave, bear skulls with traces of blows from stone axes and spears, shards of ceramic vessels, bone and iron arrowheads, bronze plaques of the Perm animal style with an image of a moose man standing on a lizard, silver and bronze jewelry were found.

The Mansi language belongs to the Ob-Ugric group of the Uralic (according to another classification - Ural-Yukaghir) language family. Dialects: Sosvinsky, Upper Lozvinsky, Tavdinsky, Odin-Kondinsky, Pelymsky, Vagilsky, Middle Lozvinsky, Lower Lozvinsky. Mansi writing has existed since 1931. Russian word"mammoth" presumably comes from the Mansi "mang ont" - "earth horn". Through Russian, this Mansi word found its way into the majority European languages(in English Mammoth).

Sources: 12, 13 and 14 photos taken from the series “Suivatpaul, spring 1958”, belong to the family of Yuri Mikhailovich Krivonosov, the most famous Soviet photographer. He worked for many years at the magazine "Soviet Photo".

Websites: ilya-abramov-84.livejournal.com, mustagclub.ru, www.adventurteam.ru