Topic: Traditional holidays and customs of the Tatar people. Customs and traditions of the peoples of Tatarstan

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Tatars As one of the main ethnic groups In the Ulyanovsk region, Tatars made up 11.4% of the population in 1989 (in 1897 - 9.3% of the population of Simbirsk province). Tatars live most compactly in Starokulatkinsky (92.3%), Pavlovsky, Tsilninsky, Zavolzhsky districts

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Traditional settlements and dwellings. The Volga Tatars had urban and rural settlements. Tatar villages (avyl), especially Kazan-Tatar villages, up to the 19th century. preserved the traditions of the early nature of settlement: houses were located deep in courtyards, the streets were narrow with sharp turns and dead ends, and long fences. The dominant form of buildings is a four-walled or five-walled hut with a peculiar layout and numerous decorative details

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The house was divided into male (clean) and female (kitchen) halves. A unique element of the interior - bunks - is a place for sleeping, relaxing, and eating. The stove is made of adobe, with a built-in boiler. Modern rural houses retain some traditional features: they are often located in the backyard, have a polychrome façade coloring, and complex decorative design. The layout of the house is changing, it becomes multi-room.

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Traditional activity. Basics traditional occupation− arable farming (rye, oats, peas, barley, buckwheat, millet, flax, hemp). A plow with a wheeled limber (saban) is typical. Animal husbandry was stable - pasture and secondary to agriculture, the main occupation was cattle breeding. They were engaged in beekeeping. Poultry breeding was developed: chickens, geese, ducks. Vegetable gardening and horticulture among the Tatars were not widely developed.

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Family The Tatars had the most common small family. Only some groups of Tatars until the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries. there were large families of 3-4 generations. The family was founded on patriarchal principles.

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Traditions, rituals Before October revolution marriages were carried out mainly through matchmaking, although occasionally a girl was kidnapped and went to her groom without the permission of her parents. The wedding took place first in the bride's house, where the religious formalization of the marriage (nikah) took place. Here the newlywed remained until the bride price was paid - a certain amount of money, clothes for the bride and food for the wedding. The young woman's move to her husband's house was sometimes delayed until the birth of the child and was accompanied by many rituals. A characteristic feature of the traditional Tatar-Mishar wedding is the lamentations of the bride.

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Men's suit The basis of a man's traditional suit is a shirt and trousers made from relatively light fabrics. The shirt was extremely thin. It was sewn very loosely, down to the knees, with wide and long sleeves and was never belted.

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Tatar national clothing The women's shirt was decorated with flounces and small ruffles, the chest part was arched with appliqué, ruffles or a special breast decoration of izu. In the design of men's and women's shirts, in addition to applique, chain embroidery (floral and floral ornament) and artistic weaving (geometric ornament) were often used.

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Camisole The outerwear of the Tatars was loose-fitting with a continuous fitted back. A sleeveless (or short-sleeved) camisole was worn over the shirt. Women's camisoles were made from colored, often plain, velvet and decorated on the sides and bottom with braid and fur. Over the camisole, men wore a long, spacious robe (zhilen) with a small shawl collar. It was sewn from factory-made plain or striped (usually heavy semi-silk) fabric and belted with a sash. In the cold season they wore beshmets, chikmeni, covered or tanned fur coats.

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Women's outfit The women's tunic-like shirt is identical to the men's, which is generally characteristic of ancient forms of clothing. Unlike men's, women's shirts were made long, almost to the ankles. IN mid-nineteenth centuries, three variants of tunic-shaped women's shirts are defined.

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The clothing of men and women consisted of trousers with a wide step and a shirt (for women it was complemented by an embroidered bib), on which a sleeveless camisole was worn. Outerwear was a Cossack coat, and in winter - a quilted beshmet or fur coat. The men's headdress is a skullcap, and on top of it is a hemispherical hat with fur or a felt hat; for women - an embroidered velvet cap (kalfak) and a scarf. Traditional shoes were leather ichigi with soft soles; outside the home they wore leather galoshes. Women's costumes were characterized by an abundance of metal decorations

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Girls' hats Had one distinctive feature: they, as a rule, had a cap-shaped or kalfak-shaped design and were worn without a hairline. The hair was braided into two braids, placed on the back and left open and covered with special girlish jewelry, and later with a light factory scarf.

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Headdresses Girls' traditional headdresses are mainly presented in the form of hats. When they were worn, the hair, braided in two braids, was located on the back and remained open or slightly covered with a braided decoration (tezme).

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Kalfak The kalfak cap, embroidered with pearls, small gilded coins, and gold-embroidered stitching, was considered a particularly original headdress. Tatar women put a lot of labor and skill into making kalfaks, which were part of the dowry and passed on by inheritance.

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Hats To this day, older women still retain a unique way of tying a headscarf: two adjacent corners are connected under the chin, and the cloth spreads out over the back.

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Jewelry was made of silver, gilded and inlaid with stones. Preference was given to brown carnelian and bluish-green turquoise, which was endowed with magical power. Lilac amethysts, smoky topazes and rock crystal were often used. Women wore rings, rings, bracelets different types, various fasteners for “yak chylbyry” gates, braids.

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Jewelry Traditionally Tatar women wore a large number of jewelry, their total weight reached 6 kilograms. These were items made of silver, turquoise, jasper, coral, and amber. The woman's face was covered with a veil, in accordance with Islamic traditions. People said that because of the ringing produced by numerous heavy pendants, rings and earrings, and wide bracelets, one could hear a Tatar woman rather than see her.

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Skullcap The permanent headdress of men was the skullcap (tubetey, kelepush), on top of which they put on a hemispherical or cylindrical burek hat, and in summer a felt hat

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Headdress Girls wore soft white sweatshirts, woven or knitted. They also wore forehead and temple decorations - strips of fabric with sewn plaques, beads, and pendants.

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Bedspread A mandatory part of women's clothing was a bedspread. This tradition reflected ancient pagan views on the magic of hair, later consolidated by Islam, which recommended hiding the outlines of the figure and covering the face.

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bedspread Towel-like bedspreads include tastars. Early examples of rural tastars represent a white home-woven fabric, up to 2 m long and about 40 cm wide. They consist of a main part that covered the woman’s head, and decorated ends (or one decorated end) that went down to the back . On both sides, along the entire length of the tastar, there is a red border. Territorial features are noticeable in the ways of decorating the ends of the tastar and their patterns.

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Footwear The most ancient type of footwear among the Tatars were leather boots and shoes without a welt, reminiscent of modern slippers, and always with toes turned up - after all, one should not scratch Mother Earth with the toe of a boot. They were worn with cloth or canvas stockings "tula oek"

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Leather mosaic A very ancient type of folk arts and crafts of the Tatars is the production of patterned shoes using a unique technique - leather mosaic. Patterned ichigs (kayuly chitek), usually for women, were usually made from high-quality colored morocco, cut out in fragments in the form of an intricate floral ornament

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Jewelry Women's jewelry of the Tatars - large almond-shaped earrings (alka), pendants for braids (chulpas), breast decoration - collar clasp with pendants (yaka-chylbyry), belt (khasite), spectacular wide bracelets and others, in the manufacture of which jewelers used filigree (flat and “Tatar” tuberculate), graining, embossing, casting, engraving, blackening, inlay with precious stones and semi-precious stones. In rural areas (especially among the Mishars and Kryashens), silver coins were widely used in the manufacture of jewelry.

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Decorative and applied arts The central role was given to embroidery and decorative decoration folk costume, especially hats. Over the course of many centuries, the traditions of Tatar gold embroidery developed, going back to the Middle Ages. The art of gold embroidery was enriched with many borrowings from neighboring cultures, and by the 19th century. In some regions, unique styles of gold embroidery were developed, differing in the complex of technologies used and the specifics of the ornamentation.

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Embroidery. Many embroidered items were closely associated with household rituals. Yes, decorative towels, napkins, tablecloths, head and handkerchiefs, aprons constituted the bride’s dowry and testified to her skill

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Embroidery All the energy and creative imagination of the Tatar woman, who was forced to lead a reclusive life in the past, ended up in embroidery and patterned weaving. Embroidery had exclusively domestic significance

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Traditional holidays and rituals A significant part of the traditional folk holidays of the Tatars is associated with the stages of the annual cycle economic activity and past communal relations. These include Sabantuy (plow festival), Zhyen (meeting, folk festival), Urak Este (harvest), Kaz Emese, Mal Emese, Tupa Emese (help in preparing poultry, meat, making cloth).

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Muslim holidays Eid al-Adha. The mythology of this holiday goes back to the famous biblical story about the attempt by Patriarch Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac to God.

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Eid al-Fitr marks the end of fasting in the month of Ramadan. Eid al-Fitr establishes mandatory general prayers, which can take place both in the mosque and at special open areas- namaz-gah. In the morning, before attending prayer, people perform all cleansing ceremonies and put on festive clothes. It is recommended to try dates or other sweets

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Sabantuy is celebrated in the following stages: 1) preparing porridge for children from products collected by them from the population (dere botkasy); 2) children collecting colored eggs; 3) collection of eggs by young men on horseback and a treat after it (atly svrzn); 4) collection of eggs by mummers (men) (zheyaule soren) - the latter is not always and not everywhere; 5) collecting gifts for sabantuy (by young men on horseback); 6) Maidan - competitions; 7) evening youth games

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Rituals The ritual of causing rain and pacifying the forces of nature existed in a slightly different form and was called chuk. An agricultural ritual is associated with the grain harvest - urak este (harvest). Changes in economic, social and ideological conditions during the years of socialist transformation contributed to the oblivion of this ritual. Urak Este was replaced by the Feast of the Farmer. To this day, the tradition of help - eme - is preserved in Tatar villages. They were organized during all major work: during the foundation and construction of a new house, repair of outbuildings, construction of public buildings. Often all fellow villagers participated in such events, and in large populated areas- neighbors on the same street. The joint work ended with a ritual meal and festivities. These days, such aids are organized less frequently and involve fewer people. This cannot be said about the autumn kaz emes and mal emes (help in the preparation of poultry and beef), which still exist today.

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Nardugan The rite of Nardugan is closely connected with the holiday Nauruz (new day, meaning, New Year), which the Tatars celebrated on the days of the spring equinox (March). It is possible that Nardugan and Nauruz were once parts of the same holiday. It is not for nothing that many similarities are found in their rites and rituals, the transfer of the names of ritual acts from one holiday to another.

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Tatar folk musical instruments DUMBARA Among those historically existing musical instruments Tatars of the Volga region have not studied enough the two-string chordophone called dumbyra. In modern instrument, like the old one, the body is pear-shaped or oval-flat, wooden. (hollowed or glued). Neck length from 800 to 1300 mm, with 19 mortise frets. Along with the reviving tradition. The composer's instruments are performed in the D. repertoire. essays.

Each nation has its own traditions and customs, rooted in the distant past and now resurrected in the form of national holidays.

Tatars have two words meaning holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called by the word barks(Uraza Gaete is a holiday of fasting and Korban Gaete is a holiday of sacrifice). And all national, non-religious holidays are called in Tatar Bayram, which means “spring beauty”, “spring celebration”.

Religious holidays

Muslim holidays among the Tatars - Muslims include collective morning prayer, in which only men participate. Then they go to the cemetery and pray near the graves of their relatives and friends. And at this time the women are preparing a festive dinner at home. As in Russian tradition, on holidays they went to the houses of relatives and neighbors with congratulations. On the days of Korban Bayram (the holiday of sacrifice), they tried to treat as many people as possible with meat from a killed lamb. more people.

RAMADAN(Ramazan) (in Turkic languages ​​the name Uraz is more common) is the ninth month of the Muslim calendar, the month of fasting. According to Islamic tradition, in this month the first divine revelation was transmitted to the Prophet Muhammad through the angel Jibril, which was subsequently included in the holy book of Islam - the Koran.
Fasting during Ramadan is one of the main duties of every Muslim. It is prescribed to strengthen Muslims in self-discipline and faithful execution of Allah's orders. During the entire daylight hours (from sunrise to sunset) it is forbidden to eat, drink, smoke, enjoy pleasure and indulge in entertainment. During the day one must work, pray, read the Koran, engage in pious thoughts and actions, and charity.

KORBAN-BAYRAM or the Feast of Sacrifice is an Islamic holiday at the end of the Hajj, celebrated on the 10th day of the twelfth month of the Islamic lunar calendar.
According to the Koran, Jabrail appeared to the prophet Ibrahim in a dream and conveyed to him a command from Allah to sacrifice his first-born Ismail. Ibrahim went to the Mina valley to the place where Mecca now stands and began preparations, but this turned out to be a test from Allah, and when the sacrifice was almost made, Allah replaced the sacrifice of a son with a sacrifice of a lamb for Ibrahim. The holiday symbolizes mercy, the majesty of God and the fact that faith is the best sacrifice.

Celebrations of this day begin early in the morning. Muslims go to the mosque for morning prayer. The holiday ritual begins with a common prayer - namaz. At the end of the prayer, the imam who read the prayer asks Allah for his acceptance of fasting, forgiveness of sins and prosperity. After this, the believers, going through the tasbih (taspih), collectively read dhikr. Zikr is performed according to a special formula and in a special way, out loud or silently, and is accompanied by certain body movements. At the end of the morning prayer, believers return home.

On this day, it is also customary to slaughter a ram, although previously they slaughtered a camel or a bull (with the words “Bismillah, Allah Akbar”), and it is also customary to give alms (share a lamb treat). According to established tradition, it is customary to use a third of the meat to treat your family, give a third to the poor, and give a third as alms to those who ask for it.

National holidays

Spring is the time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectation. It's a good spring to be good harvest, and therefore a prosperous life.

Boz karau

As in the cultures and traditions of all peoples, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first “spring celebration” (beyram) is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “watch the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift. All the village residents came out to the river bank to watch the ice drift. Young people dressed up and played the accordion. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes.

Younger yau

Another tradition was when in early spring children went home to their villages to collect cereals, butter, and eggs. From the products they collected on the street, with the help of older cooks, the children cooked in big cauldron porridge and ate it.

Kyzyl yomorka

A little later, the day of collecting colored eggs arrived. Housewives painted eggs in the evening - most often in a decoction of onion skins and a decoction of birch leaves - and baked buns and pretzels.
In the morning, the children began to walk around the houses, carried wood chips into the house and scattered them on the floor - so that “the yard would not be empty” and shouted such chants, for example, “Kyt-kytyk, kyt-kytyk, are grandparents at home?” Will they give me an egg? Let you have a lot of chickens, let the roosters trample them. If you don’t give me an egg, there’s a lake in front of your house, and you’ll drown there!”

Sabantuy

Perhaps the most widespread and popular holiday now, it includes folk festivities, various rituals and games. Literally, “Sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work in April, but now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after the end of sowing.
Sabantuy begins in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, ribbons are woven into the horses' manes, and bells are hung from the arc. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow. There is a great variety of entertainment on Sabantui. The main thing is the national struggle - kuresh. To win it requires strength, cunning and dexterity. There are strict rules: opponents wrap each other with wide belts - sashes, the task is to hang the opponent on your belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner (batyr) receives a live ram as a reward (according to tradition, but now it is more often replaced with other valuable gifts). You can participate and demonstrate your strength, agility, and courage not only in Kuresh wrestling.

Traditional Sabantuy competitions:
— Fight with bags of hay on top of a log. The goal is to knock the enemy out of the saddle.
- Running in sacks.
— Pair competition: one leg is tied to the partner’s leg and so they run to the finish line.
— Hike for a prize on a swinging log.
— Game “Break the pot”: the participant is blindfolded and given a long stick with which he must break the pot.
— Climbing a tall pole with prizes tied at the top.
- Running with a spoon in your mouth. On a spoon - a raw egg. Whoever comes running first without breaking the valuable cargo is the winner.
— Competitions for Tatar beauties - who can cut noodles faster and better.
In the clearing where the festivities are held, you can taste barbecue and pilaf homemade noodles and national Tatar treats: chak-chak, echpochmak, balish, peremyach.

Tatar rituals at the birth of a child

A number of obligatory rituals accompanied the birth of a child. Previously, births were attended by midwives - bala ebise (midwife). The occupation of midwives was called ebilek. The midwife cut and tied the umbilical cord, washed the baby, and wrapped him in his father's undershirt. Then the ritual avyzlandyru (“give a taste”) was performed. They wrapped a lump of bread chewed with butter and honey in a thin cloth, made something like a pacifier and gave it to the newborn to suck. Sometimes they simply coated the child’s mouth with oil and honey or a honey solution - zemzem su.

The next day, the ritual of babyai munchasy (“children’s bath”) took place. The bathhouse was heated, and the midwife helped the woman in labor wash and bathe the baby. A few days later, the ceremony of isem kushu (naming) was held. They invited the mullah and guests—men from among the family’s relatives and friends—and set the table with treats. The mullah read a prayer, then they brought the child to him, and he turned to Allah, calling on him to take the newborn under his protection. After this, he whispered his name in Arabic into the baby’s ear. Children's names were, as a rule, chosen by mullahs who had special calendars with names. It was believed that the name depends further fate child.

The ancient traditions of the Tatars also include the ritual of treating dammit. For several days, friends, neighbors and relatives of the woman in labor came to visit her and brought treats and gifts.

Wedding ceremonies of the Tatars

Every marriage was preceded by a conspiracy, in which the groom (the groom) and one of the older relatives participated. If the bride's parents agreed to the marriage, during the course of the conspiracy, issues were resolved about the size of the bride price, the bride's dowry, the time of the wedding, and the number of invited guests. After the “marriage contract” was concluded, the bride was called yarashylgan kyz - the matched girl. Preparations for the wedding began. The groom collected bride price, bought gifts for the bride, her parents and relatives, bought things in future home. The bride was completing the preparation of the dowry, which she began collecting at the age of 12-14. Mostly these were clothes for myself and my future husband.

The wedding ritual and wedding feast took place in the bride's house. The groom was at his parents' house, and the bride, surrounded by her friends, spent the day in the so-called newlyweds' house (kiyau eye - literally the groom's house), which served as the house of the closest relatives. The girls wondered, trying to figure out the bride's fate in marriage.
In the wedding meeting (tui), the mullah performed the wedding ritual, which opened with a prayer appropriate to the occasion. After reading the marriage prayer, the marriage was considered concluded.
At this time, the bride saw off her friends and sisters, after which the ritual of uryn kotlau was performed - the consecration of the newlyweds’ bed. Guests from the bride’s side came to the kiyau eyye, each of them had to touch the feather bed with their hands or sit on the edge of the bed. Guests left several coins in a specially prepared saucer.

In the evening, the groom, accompanied by his groomsmen (kiyau zhegetlere), went to the wedding venue. The groom and his entourage were greeted with a number of rituals, many of which were in the nature of practical jokes. After the ritual treat for the groom, the guests escorted him to the bride. To get into her house, he paid a ransom (kiyau akchasy).

The next morning, the newlyweds were invited to the bathhouse (tui munchasy). Later, the groom's comrades came to inquire about the health of the newlyweds (hel belerge). Guests were invited into the house and treated to dinner. In the afternoon, a ritual is performed - archa soyu (literally caressing the back). The bride was invited to the hut where the women feasted. She was sat on her knees facing the corner. The girl expressed her submission to fate with a lyrical song. The groom's mother (kodagiy), her sisters (kodagiylar), and the groom's older sister (olya kodagiy) took turns approaching the bride and stroking her on the back, saying kind words or instructing her on how to behave with her husband. After this, the kodagiylar (matchmakers) gave gifts or money to the bride. By evening the guests went home.

After this stage of the wedding, the groom remained with the bride, but after a week he returned to his home. The young wife continued to live with her family. Her husband visited her every night. This was called kiyaulep yererge (groom). This is how time passed from six months to 2 years. At this time, the husband was either rebuilding new house for his family, or earned enough to pay the full amount of the dowry.

The second wedding feast (kalyn, kalyn tui) began with the young woman moving. At the appointed hour, the groom sent a decorated carriage with horses for the bride. The young wife got into the cart and the dowry was packed. The wife's parents were seated in other carts, then the matchmakers and matchmakers, and the cortege set off. In the house of the kiyau (husband), his parents and relatives greeted guests. The elder sister (olya kodagiy) or the groom's mother held a freshly baked loaf of bread and a cup of honey in her hands. One of the men brought a calf to the cart - a symbol of prosperity. A pillow was placed on the ground. The daughter-in-law descended from the cart, leaning on the calf, and stood on the cushion. Then she broke off a piece of the loaf with her hands and, dipping it in honey, ate it.

Then the young woman performed the ritual of consecrating the home, sprinkling the corners and foundation of her new home. It was assumed that after this she would get along better with her new parents and settle into the house faster. Sometimes a young wife was sent with a yoke through the water (su yula) to the nearest spring or river. At the same time, they monitored how much water would spill from the buckets: the less, the more respect for the daughter-in-law.

The traditions of the Tatar family developed for a very long time. Although by the 18th century there was a tendency towards smaller families, mutual assistance in the household did not go away and all the hardships and joys were traditionally shared by all family members. The traditional patriarchal way of life has also been preserved, with a small presence of female seclusion.

Like other peoples, among the Tatars the main events in the family were the birth of children and weddings. To the celebration dedicated to the birth of a child, men were invited separately from women. Historian Kayum Nasyri describes the ritual for the birth of a child: when all the guests have gathered, the child lying on a pillow is presented to the mullah. He asks the parents a question about the child’s name. Afterwards, the mullah places the child’s feet towards the Kaaba and reads a prayer. Afterwards he pronounces the phrase “Let yours” three times. precious name will be” and calls the name chosen for the child. Each guest is then served butter and honey. Taking the treat, the guest puts money on the tray - a gift. Time passes, today they can buy a car as a gift, but the ceremony remains unchanged.

Weddings in the Tatar tradition are of three types: matchmaking, the departure of a girl without the blessing of her parents, and the abduction of the bride without her consent. Most often, young people got married after matchmaking. The groom's parents chose the bride and then sent matchmakers. Having discussed all the “details,” the bride’s relatives began preparations for the wedding. On the eve of the wedding, the groom's family sent gifts and ransom to the bride's family. This is the most “modern” part of the ritual - gifts and ransom have always corresponded to the spirit of the times. Previously, they used to be carpets or livestock, but now they can buy a car or an apartment as bridewealth. During the wedding itself and the wedding dinner, the bride and groom are traditionally not present - they are represented by their fathers. A traditional wedding ends with the serving of sherbet to the groom's family, indicating the acceptance of the bride price.

To this day, wedding rituals remain interesting and vibrant in many families. This includes the bride price (kalym), and the receipt of the bride’s dowry (byrne), and religious rite weddings (nikah), and other traditions.

Tatar wedding

Undoubtedly, the Tatar wedding today has undergone significant changes compared to past centuries. A wedding most fully characterizes the worldview and aesthetics of an ethnic group, however, traditions tend to be forgotten.

Tatar weddings take place in November. This is due to the fact that the time for agricultural work is ending. The newlyweds are mainly wished beautiful life and “riding the horse of happiness.” Even these words reveal the Tatars’ blood love for horses, although the age of the automobile has long since arrived. IN in general terms a Tatar wedding is in many ways similar to a Russian one. The mysterious flavor of the Tatar is explained by the fact that the Tatars are Muslims. The unusualness of the Tatar wedding is immediately revealed - if the Russian groom comes to pick up the bride, then the Tatars’ relatives of the bride come and “take away” the groom. After they seem to have persuaded the groom, the groom is taken to the bride. The groom is not taken to the bride's house, but to a place called kiyau-kilyaete. The bride is hidden in this room, and later the first wedding night will take place there. Previously, kiyau-kilyaete was made in special sheds, but today newlyweds use a neighbor’s house for a couple of days. Naturally, the question arises about the groom's kalyma (payment). In order to enter the kiyau-kilyaete, the groom will have to spend money on various obstacles caused by the bridesmaids. But the bride, opposite the groom’s stake, must also have a dowry - clothes, bed, household utensils, etc., which is called byrne. Throughout the wedding, the bride should not eat, drink, talk, or smile, causing sympathy from an outside observer. In all other respects, a Tatar wedding is either similar to a Slavic one, or is quite acceptable and without any special oddities.

The Tatar family is a delicate matter

Families of the Tatar people base their lives on Sharia and the Koran. Among the Tatars, creating a family is considered a generally accepted necessity. A bride is considered chic if she is of noble birth, virgin, can give birth to children, has good health and always follows Muslim traditions. The spouse must have only part of the above criteria: he must have good health, noble birth and honor Muslim traditions. Tatar family traditions Of course they are unique, but in many ways they are similar to Muslim ones.

The Tatar family in its ways is based on patriarchal principles. This can be traced to the fact that men and women have different social functions. After marriage, the husband has full power over his wife; she becomes his dependent. The bride's parents have no right to interfere in the relationship of the young family, no matter what happens in them. A wife cannot leave home without her husband’s consent: go to visit relatives or parents.

Tatar families are subject to divorce extremely rarely and only on the initiative of the husband. If, nevertheless, the husband decides to divorce, he is obliged to pay part of the dowry intended for the maintenance of his wife. A wife’s duties include obeying her husband at all times and in everything, following all his instructions and remaining faithful. The husband is obliged to buy his wife clothes and other necessary things, i.e. fully support her, and he also treats her according to the requirements of customs.

If a husband marries several times, he is obliged to provide each wife with a place of residence with a separate exit to the yard. Each wife’s room should have a design no worse than the other’s, and the husband should provide for everyone equally. This article presents only the main traditions of Tatar families, based on Muslim ones.Sources: tatar-media.ru welcome-kazan.ru tatarins.ru tatarplanet.ru www.tatar-rifs.ru

As you know, the Tatar people are famous for their hospitality. The Tatars even say that “an inhospitable person is an inferior person.” But this is far from the only feature of the Tatars worthy of mention. In addition to respect for guests, Tatars are very polite, ethical and emotional in dialogues, and Tatar culture rich not only in customs and traditions, but also in special local cuisine.

Tatar speech etiquette

Tatar speech etiquette is characterized by respect for the interlocutor, tactfulness, positivity and emotionality due to numerous interjections in speech.

Basically, Tatars greet each other with the word “ Isyanmesez!", which corresponds to the Russian "Hello". If you want to sound less corny, you could say " Häerle irtä/kon/kich"(Good morning/afternoon/evening), but usually these words are used in the official sphere of communication. There are also simpler, informal options for saying hello: “ Salaam!" (Hello!), " Saums?"(Are you healthy?), " Nihyal" (How are you?).

Interestingly, when greeting Tatars, it is customary to shake both hands. Greeting with one hand, especially with older people, is a sign of disrespect.

When addressing relatives, Tatars use, one might say, “kin words”: “ apa" (sister), " life" (uncle), " baldyz"(sister-in-law). The use of such words is a feature of Tatar speech.

Conversations among the Tatars take place sitting at the table. The owner treats the guest to tea, showing respect to the interlocutor. After a short, friendly conversation, the guest announces the purpose of the visit and gets down to business. At the end of the dialogue, the guest thanks the host for the treats and wishes him well-being, with the words “Syegyzga ryahmyat” (thank you for your treat) or “hormyategezgya ryahmyat” (thanks for your respect).

When saying goodbye, the Tatars say: “ hush» (« hushigyz") - goodbye (farewell), " sau blvd» (« sau bulygyz") - be healthy (be healthy).

Taking into account the above examples of Tatar speech, we can conclude that the behavior of Tatar speech is emotional, well-mannered and polite to the interlocutor.

Etiquette of the Tatar people

In addition to friendly dialogues, the etiquette of the Tatars is also felt in their congratulations: “ Byaryam Belyan"(happy holiday), " Tugan Konen Belyan" (Happy birthday), " Yana ate Belyan" (Happy New Year).

While dining, the Tatar people wish each other " tasty food ", as the equivalent of "bon appetit" in Russian: " ashlarygyz tyamle bulsyn"(may your food be delicious).

Tatars are especially ethical at weddings, wishing the newlyweds a happy wedding (“ tuylarygyz boilers bulsyn"), eating honey (" ashaganyn bulsyn") and drinking oil (" Chumergyanen May Bulsyn»)

But even the kind Tatar people have their own “evil” wishes: “kulyn korygyry” (may your hand wither), “lyangyat suksyn” (damn you).

Tatar hospitality etiquette

Hospitality is one of the main qualities of the Tatar people. Tatars are hospitable because:

• they say " shake toshkere, maktap jorisen ikyan"(may you be blessed) to people seen during lunch;
• Tatars ask to sit at the table with the words “ Utyrygyz, Ashtan Oly Tugelsezder bit"(sit down, you are not higher than the food), and while eating they say " avyz itegez"(taste), " zhiteshegez"(have time);
• their requests are quite expressive, for example: “ aydaya, kittek"(let's go, let's go), " barabyz! (let's go to!);
• You can greet your interlocutor by nodding your head or raising your hands: Tatars still do this with respect;
• Tatars thank you for the invitation with the words “ rumble" (Thank you), " bic calves"(willingly);
• The older generation is treated with great respect when visiting.

Cultural heritage and family values

Generally speaking, the real value for Tatars is education in children good qualities- moral and ethical. Tatar fathers raise their sons, teaching them to work, and mothers devote more time to their daughters, teaching them how to farm.

When addressing their loved ones, Tatars do not skimp on emotions, saying “ Kaderlem" (My dear), akkoshym"my swan" jankisyagem“(a piece of my soul), the Tatars value their family so much.

In a Tatar family, the head of the family is the father. His opinion is always listened to, he is responsible for the well-being of the family. The mother is also important in the family; she is a beloved member of the family. Tatar children are taught from an early age to be well-mannered, to respect their elders and not to offend the defenseless.

Girls in a Tatar home are taught more than boys, as they are prepared for future life with a spouse. From childhood they are taught to be economical, modest and flexible.

Tatar customs are very diverse: from the annual sowing of crops to rituals during the birth of children.

For example, during a wedding, a special ceremony is performed - nikah. During the nikah, several tasks need to be completed for the marriage to become valid.

On the child's birthday, guests come to the newborn, and with... In addition to them, an Islamic priest comes - a mullah, who drives away evil spirits from the child.

Back to Tatar traditions One can include sitting postures: men sit with both legs crossed, and women bend one leg under themselves and press the other to the chest. Sitting differently is considered a little indecent.

There is also a custom during the feast. This tradition requires the oldest to take food first, and then younger people reach for food.

Tatars are not only hospitable, polite and well-mannered people. We tried to expand these associations by showing that the Tatar people also have a sense of humor, emotionality, and ethics. He observes traditions, loves family and respects loved ones. It is not surprising that the Tatars are a happy people!

Posted Fri, 06/04/2012 - 08:15 by Cap

Tatars (self-name - Tat. Tatar, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) — Turkic people, living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East.

The population in Russia is 5310.6 thousand people (population census 2010) - 3.72% of the Russian population. They are the second largest people in Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars, sometimes Polish-Lithuanian Tatars are also distinguished. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% according to the 2010 census). Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​and is divided into three dialects: Western (Mishar), Middle (Kazan-Tatar) and Eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Believing Tatars (with the exception of a small group of Kryashens who profess Orthodoxy) are Sunni Muslims.

LIST OF TOURIST OBJECTS, HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND NOTABLE PLACES IN KAZAN AND AROUND THE CITY FOR EXCURSIONS AND VISITS, AS WELL AS ARTICLES ABOUT THE TATAR PEOPLE:

Bulgar warrior

Hero Soviet Union and Tatar poet - Musa Jalil

History of the ethnonym

First the ethnonym “Tatars” appeared among the Turkic tribes that wandered in the 6th-9th centuries to the southeast of Lake Baikal. In the 13th century, with the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the name “Tatars” became known in Europe. In the XIII-XIV centuries it was extended to some peoples of Eurasia that were part of the Golden Horde.

TUKAY MUSEUM IN THE VILLAGE OF KOSHLAUCH - IN THE HOMELAND OF THE GREAT POET

Early history

The beginning of the penetration of Turkic-speaking tribes into the Urals and Volga region dates back to the 3rd-4th centuries AD. e. and is associated with the era of the invasion of Eastern Europe Huns and other nomadic tribes. Settled in the Urals and Volga region, they perceived elements of the culture of the local Finno-Ugric peoples, and partially mixed with them. In the 5th-7th centuries, there was a second wave of advance of Turkic-speaking tribes into the forest and forest-steppe regions of Western Siberia, the Urals and the Volga region, associated with the expansion of the Turkic Kaganate. In the 7th-8th centuries, Bulgar tribes came to the Volga region from the Azov region, who conquered the Finno-Ugric-speaking and Turkic-speaking tribes that were there (including, possibly, the ancestors of the Bashkirs) and in the 9th-10th centuries they created a state - Volga-Kama Bulgaria. After the defeat of the Volga Bulgaria in 1236, and a series of uprisings (the uprising of Bayan and Dzhiku, the Bachman uprising), the Volga Bulgaria was finally captured by the Mongols. The Bulgarian population was forced out to the north (modern Tatarstan), replaced and partially assimilated.

In the XIII-XV centuries, when the majority of Turkic-speaking tribes were part of the Golden Horde, some transformation of the language and culture of the Bulgars took place.

Formation

In the XV-XVI centuries, the formation of separate groups of Tatars took place - the Middle Volga region and the Urals (Kazan Tatars, Mishars, Kasimov Tatars, as well as the sub-confessional community of Kryashens (baptized Tatars), Astrakhan, Siberian, Crimean and others). The Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals, the most numerous and having a more developed economy and culture, by the end of the 19th century had developed into a bourgeois nation. The bulk of the Tatars were engaged in agriculture, in the economy of the Astrakhan Tatars main role played cattle breeding and fishing. A significant part of the Tatars were employed in various handicraft industries. Material culture Tatars, formed over a long time from elements of the culture of a number of Turkic and local tribes, were also influenced by the cultures of the peoples of Central Asia and other regions, and with late XVI century - Russian culture.

Gayaz Ishaki

Ethnogenesis of the Tatars

There are several theories of the ethnogenesis of the Tatars. IN scientific literature Three of them are described in more detail:

Bulgaro-Tatar theory

Tatar-Mongol theory

Turkic-Tatar theory.

For a long time, the Bulgaro-Tatar theory was considered the most recognized.

Currently, the Turkic-Tatar theory is gaining greater recognition.

PRESIDENT OF THE RF MEDVEDEV AND PRESIDENT OF THE RT MINNIKHANOV

I. SHARIPOVA - REPRESENTED RUSSIA AT MISS WORLD - 2010

Subethnic groups

The Tatars consist of several subethnic groups - the largest of them are:

Kazan Tatars (Tat. Kazanly) are one of the main groups of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis is inextricably linked with the territory of the Kazan Khanate. They speak the middle dialect of the Tatar language.

(GENERAL ARTICLE ABOUT KAZAN - HERE).

Mishari Tatars (Tat. Mishar) are one of the main groups of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis took place in the territory of the Middle Volga, Wild Field and the Urals. They speak the Western dialect of the Tatar language.

Kasimov Tatars (tat. Kәchim) are one of the groups of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis is inextricably linked with the territory of the Kasimov Khanate. They speak the middle dialect of the Tatar language.

Siberian Tatars (Tat. Seber) are one of the groups of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis is inextricably linked with the territory of the Siberian Khanate. They speak the eastern dialect of the Tatar language.

Astrakhan Tatars (tat. Әsterkhan) are an ethno-territorial group of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis is inextricably linked with the territory of the Astrakhan Khanate.

Teptyari Tatars (Tat. Tiptar) are an ethnic class group of Tatars, known in Bashkortostan.

clothes of Bulgarian girls

Culture and life

Tatars speak the Tatar language of the Kipchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family. The languages ​​(dialects) of the Siberian Tatars show a certain closeness to the language of the Tatars of the Volga region and the Urals. Literary language The Tatars were formed on the basis of the middle (Kazan-Tatar) dialect. Most ancient writing- Turkic runic. From the 10th century to 1927, writing based on Arabic script existed; from 1928 to 1936, Latin script (Yanalif) was used; from 1936 to the present, writing on a Cyrillic graphic basis was used, although there are already plans to transfer Tatar writing to Latin.

The traditional dwelling of the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals was a log hut, separated from the street by a fence. The external façade was decorated with multicolor paintings. The Astrakhan Tatars, who retained some of their steppe cattle-breeding traditions, used a yurt as a summer home.

Every nation has its own National holidays. Tatar folk holidays They delight in people’s sense of gratitude and respect for nature, for the customs of their ancestors, and for each other.

Religious Muslim holidays are called the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaete is a holiday of fasting and Korban gaete is a holiday of sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays are called beyram in Tatar. Scientists believe that this word means “spring beauty”, “spring celebration”.

Religious holidays are called by the word Gayt or Bayram (Eid al-Fitr (Ramazan) - a holiday of fasting and Korban Bayram - a holiday of sacrifice). Muslim holidays among Tatars - Muslims include collective morning prayer, in which all men and boys participate. Then you are supposed to go to the cemetery and pray near the graves of your loved ones. And the women and the girls helping them at this time prepare treats at home. On holidays (and each religious holiday used to last for several days), people went around the houses of relatives and neighbors with congratulations. Particularly important was a visit to my parents' home. During the days of Korban Bayram - the holiday of sacrifice, they tried to treat as many people as possible with meat, the tables remained set for two or three days in a row and everyone entering the house, no matter who he was, had the right to treat himself.

Tatar holidays

Boz karau

According to the old, old tradition, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first beyram - “spring celebration” for the Tatars is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “watch the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift.

All residents, from old people to children, came to the river bank to watch the ice drift. The youth walked dressed up, with accordion players. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. In the blue spring twilight these floating torches were visible far away, and songs followed them.

Younger yau

One day in early spring, the children went home to collect cereals, butter, and eggs. With their calls, they expressed good wishes to the owners and... demanded refreshments!

From the collected products on the street or indoors, with the help of one or two elderly women, the children cooked porridge in a huge cauldron. Everyone brought a plate and spoon with them. And after such a feast, the children played and doused themselves with water.

Kyzyl yomorka

After some time, the day came to collect colored eggs. Village residents were warned about such a day in advance and housewives painted eggs in the evening - most often in a decoction of onion skins. The eggs turned out to be multi-colored - from golden yellow to dark brown, and in a decoction of birch leaves - various shades Green colour. In addition, in each house they baked special dough balls - small buns, pretzels, and also bought candy.

The children were especially looking forward to this day. Mothers sewed bags for them from towels to collect eggs. Some guys went to bed dressed and with shoes on, so as not to waste time getting ready in the morning; they put a log under their pillow so as not to oversleep. Early in the morning, boys and girls began to walk around the houses. The one who came in was the first to bring in wood chips and scatter them on the floor - so that “the yard would not be empty,” that is, so that there would be a lot of living creatures on it.

The children's humorous wishes to the owners are expressed in ancient times - as in the times of great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers. For example, this: “Kyt-kytyk, kyt-kytyk, are grandparents at home? Will they give me an egg? Let you have a lot of chickens, let the roosters trample them. If you don’t give me an egg, there’s a lake in front of your house, and you’ll drown there!” The egg collection lasted two to three hours and was a lot of fun. And then the children gathered in one place on the street and played different games with collected eggs.

But again it becomes ubiquitous and beloved spring holiday Tatar Sabantuy. This is a very beautiful, kind and wise holiday. It includes various rituals and games.

Literally, “Sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work, in April, but now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after the end of sowing.

In the old days, they prepared for Sabantui for a long time and carefully - the girls weaved, sewed, embroidered national pattern scarves, towels, shirts; everyone wanted her creation to become a reward for the strongest horseman - the winner in national wrestling or horse racing. And young people went from house to house and collected gifts, sang songs, and joked. Gifts were tied to a long pole; sometimes horsemen tied the collected towels around themselves and did not remove them until the end of the ceremony.

During the Sabantuy, a council of respected elders was elected - all power in the village passed to them, they appointed a jury to award the winners, and kept order during the competitions.

Socio-political movements of the 1980s–1990s

The late 80s of the 20th century saw a period of intensification of socio-political movements in Tatarstan. One can note the creation of the All-Tatar Public Center (VTOC), the first president M. Mulyukov, the branch of the Ittifak party - the first non-communist party in Tatarstan, headed by F. Bayramova.

V.V. PUTIN ALSO CLAIMES THAT THERE WERE TATARS IN HIS FAMILY!!!

SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:

http://www.photosight.ru/photos/

http://www.ethnomuseum.ru/glossary/

http://www.liveinternet.ru/

http://i48.servimg.com/

Wikipedia.

Zakiev M.Z. Part two, Chapter one. History of the study of the ethnogenesis of the Tatars // Origin of the Turks and Tatars. - M.: Insan, 2002.

Tatar Encyclopedia

R.K. Urazmanova. Rituals and holidays of the Tatars of the Volga region and the Urals. Historical and ethnographic atlas of the Tatar people. Kazan, House of Printing 2001

Trofimova T. A. Ethnogenesis of the Volga Tatars in the light of anthropological data. - M., Leningrad: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1949, P.145.

Tatars (Series “Peoples and Cultures” of the Russian Academy of Sciences). M.: Nauka, 2001. - P.36.

http://firo04.firo.ru/

http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/

http://www.ljplus.ru/img4/s/a/safiullin/

http://volga.lentaregion.ru/wp-content/

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